Capital Punishment Should Be Illegal - 1613 Words

Why Capital Punishment should be illegal? The Constitution that governs our laws in America is there to protect all of the people and that includes the criminals that are on death row. The death penalty materially violates the constitutional ban against cruel and unusual punishment, the guarantees of due process of law, and of equal protection under the law. (Bedau, Hugo Adam, The Case Against the Death Penalty) This is the reason why capital punishment should be illegal in all fifty states. We believe that the states should not give itself the right to kill any human beings. Capital punishment is an inexcusable denial of civil rights and is inconsistent with the basic values of our democratic system. The death penalty is uncivilized in theory and unfair in practice. The death penalty system in the US is applied in an unfair and unjust manner against people, largely dependent on how much money they have, the skills of their attorneys, race of the victim and where the crime took place. Through litigations, legislation, and encouragement against this vicious and brutal way, we strive to prevent executions and seek to abolishment of capital punishment. (Bedau, Hugo Adam, The Case Against the Death Penalty) We would like to think that the death penalty is more cost effective. It seems like the accused is seen in court for their horrendous crime, sentenced for Capital Punishment, and the next day they face execution, easy and cheap for us taxpayers. That is farShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Should Be Illegal1536 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment is the planned taking of a legally convicted persons life. Convicted persons are put to death under certain guidelines; such as age, and the crime that was committed. Certain laws such as the â€Å"Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996† (Supreme Court Rulings), â€Å"New Terrorism Crimes and Penalties† (Death Penalty Statutes), and Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (Death Penalty Laws) ensure that only those who are convicted of either acts of terror, homicides, and other lifeRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Illegal1563 Words   |  7 Pages Why Capital Punishment should be illegal The Constitution that governs our laws in America is there to protect all of its people and that include the criminals that are on death row. The death penalty materially violates the constitutional ban against cruel and unusual punishment, the guarantees of due process of law, and of equal protection under the law. This is the reason why capital punishment should be illegal in all fifty states. We believe that the states should not give itself the rightRead MoreWhy Capital Punishment Should Be Illegal1282 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment: Why it should be Illegal People may think capital punishment is a good thing that the criminals deserve to die for the horrible crime they have committed. But the truth is that capital punishment is expensive, it violates the U.S Constitution, sentencing someone to jail for life is a worse punishment than being sentenced to death, and the death penalty goes against God and several religious beliefs. There are also innocent people on death row and that the death penalty is notRead MoreShould Capital Punishment Stay Illegal in Canada?636 Words   |  2 PagesThe criminal justice system is innately flawed; since 1900 twenty three innocent people have been executed in the United States that has been documented (citation needed). Which is one of the reasons why I think it should remain illegal in Canada. The sentence doesn’t deter crime, (citation needed) and in some cases it only exasperates the crime which it was supposed to deter. Also, in order to keep an inmate on death row it costs on average nine ty thousand dollars more than keeping an inmate forRead MoreCapital Punishment Should be Abolished883 Words   |  4 Pages Capital punishment is the punishment of death for a crime given by the state. It is used for a variety of crimes such as murder, drug trafficking and treason. Many countries also have the death penalty for sexual crimes such as rape, incest and adultery. The lethal injection, the electric chair, hanging and stoning are all methods of execution used throughout the world. Capital punishment has been around since ancient times; it was used in ancient Rome, and one of the most famous people to be crucifiedRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished Essay672 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished Capital punishment is a brutal antiquated concept that must be abolished in the name of civilised society. Each year in just America, the land of freedom + the just, 650 people r added 2 the death row + 105 r executed. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment in the world today. Once the jury has proved a criminal guilty theyRead MoreThe Illegalization Of Capital Punishment1441 Words   |  6 PagesBrianna Pulido Ms. Ingram American Literature 14 April, 2015 The Illegalization of Capital Punishment The Death Penalty, also termed capital punishment, is the legal process in which a person is put to death by the federal or state government based on having committed one of 43 capital crimes, such as first-degree murder, espionage or treason. The death penalty is enforced based upon the idea that law abiding members of society will no longer have to worry about convicted criminals being ableRead MoreCapital Punishment : Lethal Injection824 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment The death penalty is the punishment by lethal injection for committing serious criminal offenses. There are 32 states, including California, which has the death penalty and 18 states where the death penalty is illegal. The jury convicts when the death penalty is going to be used. The New York Times board, 19 expertise journalists, wrote an editorial titled â€Å"The Humane Death Penalty Charade†, discussing that people should be against capital punishment because it is torture andRead More Against Capital Punishment Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesAgainst Capital Punishment What is the true value of a human life and how can one trade it for another? Isn’t it said repetitively in religion and government that each life should be treated equally? Then, how are we allowed to condemn a person to death? How can we make abortion illegal but capital punishment legal in certain circumstances? No matter what way you look at it capital punishment is murder. If each year there is about 250 people added to death row and 35 executed imagine how manyRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Illegal Through The Nation?1623 Words   |  7 Pages Why should the death penalty be illegal through the nation? Murder is wrong we all know and come to the understanding of that. Ask yourself, then, what is capital punishment? Capital punishment is defined as the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime. The death penalty also known as capital punishment is an issue that have the United States quite divided. While there are many supporters of it, there is also a large amount of disapproval

Contemporary Reporting on Financial Matters Essay

Essays on Contemporary Reporting on Financial Matters Essay The paper "Contemporary Reporting on Financial Matters" is a good example of an essay on finance and accounting. The most important aspect in contemporary reporting on financial matters is the ability to develop critical and well-informed decisions. It also requires putting into consideration all possible implications for investment and its position in today’s competitive and viciously competitive market. More so is due to the fact competition exerts so much pressure on proprietors that the very limited chance of corporate survival almost entirely depends on anticipating change and dynamics and getting it right virtually all the time. Contemporary accounting and reporting policies have been and will in the foreseeable future remain a direct challenge to the traditional principles. Issues such as audit failure, financial crises, and troubled banking system, increased market volatility, inequality and other challenges to business such as climate change and increasing moral and e thical responsibility have changed have become the central issues in contemporary accounting and reporting policy determinants. In fact, corporate environment commentators predict for the present and into the near future, policies in reporting and accounting are going to be influenced more by certain issues that organizations should start paying specific attention to.  These issues that organizations should be paying attention to include investor appeal, market trends and their anticipation, trends and direction in regulation policies, government policies and possible changes to that effect, society and environmental sensitivities. In this respect, your company should take a keen interest in these issues if you are to expect positive future prospects and favorable placement with regards to competition. It is also worth noting that even the literature for reporting is expected to be more layman in approach and to take a persuasive approach for the near future and that should be wor th incorporation within your organization. This is because there is a forecast of a future where corporate organizations are likely to be more dependent on their public and are going to invest more towards client satisfaction besides their primary operation. Your company should also consider for the short time incorporation of institutional and regulatory capacity building and harmonization of corporate sector financial reporting and auditing.You should also critically scrutinize the implication of all financial decisions especially during asset acquisition and other business undertakings. The decision as to whether it is more prudent to buy out rightly or to lease when acquiring business assets and when conducting a sale of business products however cases specifically with no conventional model for the most business-savvy option.It is also dependent on the financial situation and the business climate at the time and in the foreseeable future. As for your situation, you should consi der buying the more durable and fundamental assets like premises since they are resalable and have could have appreciating value in a good environment. Leasing actually means you don’t own these premises and you would still have to pay your entire lease period no matter the situation of your business. While this option is much cheaper, it should not be considered in an unstable or falling housing market. On the general ideal terms, however, buying the premises is the better option as it is cheaper in the long run and advisable if you have a long term projection for your business.When making similar decisions on business products, it could be prudent to sell completely since technology evolves rather quickly and you risk holding onto obsolete products. It is also worth noting that computers are rather fragile equipment with high maintenance costs that would greatly reduce in value over a fairly short time and therefore not worth the risk.

Racism my antonia Essay Example For Students

Racism my antonia Essay My AntoniaRacism has been a controversy since the beginning of time, whether it be skin color, social status, or nationality. The term racism defines as an irrational belief in the superiority of a given group, nation, or people, usually ones own. Racism comes in many different forms and can be directed at many different people. There is the violent racism, inflicted mostly by skinhead gangs, neo-nazis, the Ku Klux Klan and the Aryan nations. These groups direct their hatred to all kinds of different people, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanic. These are todays problems. The novel My Antonia by Willa Cather, brings out different types of discrimination such as racism, sexist, and anti-immigration back in the 1800s. Racism blind ones self so much that all one could see in another race is something ugly and disgusting, all because they are different.The illustration in the novel when Jim descried an African-American child as a Negro head yet almost no head at all without anything behind their ears but folds of neck under closed-clipped wool (page 118). Another situation was when Jim descried an African-American woman as a buxom Negro wench (page 119). Including the part where Jim describes that, Lapland women were fat and ugly with squint eyes (page 154). I have seen these situations usually in a verbal fight of two people of different races. They would try to hurt each other by verbally throwing inferior describing at each others ethnic background or physical features. Natives seem to have a natural instinct of not being able to trust foreigners. Most of the time is because they have insufficient knowledge about foreigners such as times in the novel when Jims uncle mentioned how you can not trust the Swedes to be fair (page 84). I have seen parents who would not let their kids hang out with kids that are different race. They tend to believe that kids, who are not the same race as they are, usually are troublemakers and low in dignity because of the way they dress. I believe that parents who are like that have insufficient culture knowledge and tend to stereo type based on skin color and dress code. A common stereo type is a person who wears extremely baggy clothes is believe to be in a gang and into drugs. The truth is baggy clothes are in fashion, just that some kids tend to go over board. New comer families usually do not have much respect from the natives because they do not have much money. They are often get mistreated, that is how it seems like it now and still has not change since the 1800s. The novel describe Jims uncle commented that an eleven year old American was better than the Shimerda family (page 82). Contrasting a family to an eleven-year-old kid is very disrespectful. This is common and does happen to families that do not have much dignity because of money problems; people will talk behind their back. Another situation in the novel is when Jims uncle stated that Swedes will work for anything because they are poor (page 86). In current time, this seems to be the case, but certain race does not apply. In conclusion, I have learned through out writing my essay that being racist is not the way to be if I want to rise to the top. This world is now very diverse with different culture everywhere and different races in every school, industry, and even governmen t facilities.To be successful in this world I must not ever be racist for this is now a world of diversity.

Running Head Fraud investigation report

Abstract The subject of this investigative report is an alleged asset fraudulent disbursement scheme in the procurement department of the Plant of Lakes, Inc. The investigations were commenced as a result of an anonymous tip received by the company on June 12, 2007 that a company employee had been submitting false expense claims for billing to the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Running Head: Fraud investigation report specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After piecing together all the relevant enquiries and reviews of relevant documents that were deemed necessary in obtaining an independent nonbiased factual account of the alleged crime, this report submits to confirm that indeed the alleged fraud was committed. This report therefore aims to detail the evidence supporting this deduction by examining the scale of the fraud and detailing in a chronological manner the findings of the investigations. The report concludes with a list of recommendations and action plans required to be done firstly to the culprits to deter such future actions by other employees and secondly to improve the system in order to completely seal the identified loopholes. Introduction An asset fraudulent disbursement scheme is a form of fraud whereby, the perpetrator usually a company employee dishonestly hatches a plan to take company funds through false expense claims by concealing the details of the expense such that it will only appear as a normal expense. Fraudulent disbursements may be classified into five major subcategories. These are; check tampering, register disbursement schemes, billing schemes, expense reimbursement schemes and payroll schemes (wells, 2011). According to a 2008 survey by the Association of Certified fraud Examiners, fraudulent disbursements account for 63.9 percent of all frauds committed within a company (Singleton and Singleton, 2010). In all the five subcategories of fraudulent disb ursements, billing schemes so far remain the most prevalent and preferred scheme used to commit fraud. A 2009 Global Fraud Survey found this form of fraud to contribute about 52 percent of the fraudulent disbursements (wells, 2011). Billing schemes refers to frauds whereby, the perpetrator intelligently exploits the company accounting system to steal funds through submission of bogus claims guised in one form or another (wells, 2011). Our investigations centered mainly on this form of fraud as our initial tip off indicated that this was most certainly the avenue used to commit fraud in Plant of Lakes Inc. Types of billing schemes Billing schemes are the most prevalent types of frauds committed in an organization and may take three different forms. These are; Shell vendor schemes, personal purchases schemes, and non-accomplice vendor schemes (Roberson Birzer, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shell vendor schemes Shell vendor schemes refers to a situation whereby a fictitious company which is usually formed with the sole purpose of committing fraud, is used to generate fraudulent claims to the target company upon which when the checks are drawn are channeled to the perpetrator. Since the shell vendor must by all means be guised to be a genuine vendor to erase suspicion from the relevant authorities, the perpetrator must be in a position of authority or influence to ensure that the phony vendor is added or enlisted as a genuine vendor and that the fraudulent invoices are also approved without attracting undue attention. Alternately, another version of shell vendor scheme are pass through schemes where the perpetrator actually do the actual purchasing of the invoiced goods but jointly with the vendor inflates the claims. The inflated amounts is either shared by the vendor and employee or wholly channeled to the employee (Pedneault, et al, 2012). Non -accomplice vendor schemes Non-accomplice vendor schemes unlike the above cases of a shell vendor, involves a genuine and legitimate vendor who rather innocently find themselves unknowingly being used by the perpetrator to advance their ill motives. This is achieved through the perpetrator overbilling the company using the vendors invoice but later intercepting the check before it reaches the vendor or asking for a refund from the vendor of the overbilled amount. Alternately the perpetrator may requisition unwanted merchandise and process the payments only to later return the merchandise and intercept the refund check (Albrecht et al, 2011). Personal purchases schemes These kinds of schemes involve employees using the company’s funds to foot bills incurred to purchase their own personal items. According to Singleton and Singleton (2010), these kinds of frauds are the easiest to perpetrate especially with the advancement in e-procurement systems and a variety of purchase metho ds. Findings of the investigations Following the investigations that were conducted between the months of August to November 2009, credible facts were obtained to the extent that the now terminated Associate director of purchasing, Mr. Smith and his administrative assistant, Ms. Bad were involved in fraudulent deals aimed to exploit the company for their own personal gains.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Running Head: Fraud investigation report specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conjunction and from the support and cooperation received from Mr. Jones of Sterns, an approved vendor, we were able to ascertain that Mr. Smith and his administrative assistant Ms. Bad had formed a personal purchases scheme which they used to benefit themselves at the expense of the company’s resources. All these was made possible through a corporate purchased card that was given to the then Associate director of purchasing, ca lled Mr. Smith; the card would be used to purchase personal items from Sterns for him and his administrative assistant then billed to the company as purchase of company assets. Mr. Smith would then in conjunction with his administrative assistant conjure to conceal their irregular deals by making a copy of the invoice for filing in the company records but not before altering the true identity of the items being invoiced. After the alterations, this would appear as a genuine purchase of company asset and thus escape any suspicions of being detected by the company management or even auditors. How the scheme was hatched and operated The scheme by Mr. Smith and Ms. Bad according to information received from Mr. Jones of Stern seems to have been hatched about 6 months ago. In the scheme, Mr. Smith or Ms. Bad would walk into an approved vendor store and using the corporate purchased card issued to Mr. Smith, make personal purchases and be issued with an invoice. The two would then proceed to make a copy of the obtained original invoice but making sure they alter the identity of the actual purchased personal item with a more acceptable regularly required item for use by the company and often retailing about the same price. Their main objectives in doing this are mainly two. First, by having a copy of the invoice complete with details such as the vendor name and address as well as the referred invoice number, it would elicit little suspicion should the vendor present their accrued statement of accounts for settlement. Secondly, by changing the identity of the item bought to one resembling items more commonly consumed in the company, it would be easier to maneuver in ensuring they pass through the procure system without suspicion (Rittenberg, Johnstone Gramling 2011). In our first step towards our efforts to substantiate they existence of the above we scheme, we observed that the company has done well in establishing and maintaining a physical assets database. The pur pose of this database is to record all non disposable items worth $1,000 or more purchased by the company.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each of such items would be recorded in the database after being assigned a barcode and a unique ID number label in order to trace it. This database and perhaps why Mr. Smith deemed it necessary to incorporate Ms. Bad in his scheme is in the custody of the administrative assistant who maintains and updates it. In order to ascertain the allegation made, we deemed it necessary to examine all expense claims by members of staff invoiced to the company in the last financial year. A careful scrutiny of these claims revealed that about â€Å"$8,795.60 in false invoices had been submitted for reimbursement through the purchasing department† (Albrecht 2011). We did not have solid evidence though but as first step, we established as our first and main suspect the purchasing director. This was in consideration that the tip offered was that a computer server supposedly purchased was false and that in place a high definition flat screen television had been bought. In addition, all this wo uld not have passed without raising any suspicion to the director if at all he was not involved. With all these information in mind, we set forth to examine and compare the physical assets database with the purchased assets file as per the company financial accounts. Our first suspicions were raised when we noted that, for the alleged purchase of a computer server there was no original invoice but only a copy. This prompted us to check for the item in the physical assets database and to more of our surprise, no such record of a purchase of a computer server was present in the database and â€Å"no ID number had been issued of any similar item in the past 10 months† ( Wells 2011). Just to confirm it was not an omission, we contacted the vendor, Sterns, who was alleged to have supplied the same item as per the details of the invoice copy via their contact person Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones confirmed the existence of similar invoice number billed to Plant of Lakes, Inc. but for HD Tele vision and not a Server. The allegations had been partly confirmed and after further examining the purchases records and assets database no HD television had been purchased by the company. We decided to visit Sterns in order to interrogate and get more details from Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones told us of his suspicions in the past 6 months when outside the norm Mr. Smith and Ms. Bad made 2 and 3 purchases respectively using Mr. Smith’s purchase card from the vendor but instead advised they would personally come to pick up the purchased items. To substantiate these claims we picked invoices of the items purchased from the vendor but personally picked up by either Mr. Smith or Ms. Bad where only copies of the original invoices albeit different as to the item purchased were found in the plant purchasing records. It is here that with all the facts gathered we concluded our investigations convinced beyond reasonable doubt that we had solid evidence to prove that Mr. Smith and Ms. Bad had established a personal purchases scheme to defraud the company. Conclusions and recommendations It is our considered opinion that the associate director in charge of purchasing, Mr. Smith and the administrative assistant, Ms. Bad jointly conceived a personal purchases scheme to defraud the company. As such, we recommend for their immediate termination of their services with the company and opening of criminal proceedings against them for their fraudulent activities. In addition, we wish to recommend the following measures to guard against such future activities and improve the system; In future all expense claims be settled upon verification and authentication of the originality of the source documents That, a monthly credit activity report on corporate charge cards to be generated and a routine review of all expenditures done. References Albrecht, S. W. et al (2011). Fraud Examination, 4th Edition. New York: Cengage Learning Pedneault, S. et al (2012). Forensic Accounting and Fra ud Investigation for Non-Experts, 3rd Edition. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2012 Rittenberg, L. E., Johnstone, K. and Gramling, A. (2011). Auditing: A Business Risk Approach, 8th Edition. New York: Cengage Learning Roberson, C. and Birzer, M. (2009). Introduction to Private Security: Theory Meets Practice. Oxford: Allyn Bacon, Incorporated, 2009 Singleton, T. W. and Singleton, A. J. (2010). Fraud Auditing and Forensic Accounting, 4th Edition. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2010 Wells, J. T. (2011). Corporate Fraud Handbook: Prevention and Detection. 3rd Edition. New York: John Wiley Sons This essay on Running Head: Fraud investigation report was written and submitted by user Liberty Downs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

revolutions essays

revolutions essays Revolutions can take many different forms. A revolution is a fundamental change in a political, economical, social, or religious organization. A political revolution is an overthrow of government, often sudden or violent. An example of a political revolution is the American Revolution. "The American Revolution led to the birth of a new nation." (The World Book Encyclopedia, p. 210) Before this revolution, Americans had grown to use a large measure of self-government. Americans strongly resisted the new laws passed by Great Britain, especially tax laws. "The British government was slow to think of the Americans as a political unit. As the British began making new laws, the colonists revolted." (Merit Students Encyclopedia, p. 576) Another example of a political revolution is the French Revolution. "This revolution began with a government financial crisis, but quickly became a movement of reform and violent change."(The World Book Encyclopedia, p. 524) "After the French Revolution, the old system of government was overthrown."(Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia 1996) The new government brought many changes. France adopted the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen". All Frenchmen were declared equal and free before the law. Public office and taxation was based on the ability to pay. In addition, the French Revolution inspired people in other parts of Europe to modernize their own countries. An economic revolution is a drastic change in the production, distribution, and consumption of certain products, usually caused by new technology. One such revolution is the Boston Tea Party. "In the Boston Tea Party, Americans were protesting against taxation without representation and the perceived monopoly of the East India Company." (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia 1996) "The British Parliament placed import taxes on several items imported to America. The British passed the Tea Act to help get the East India Company out ...

Analysis on Teenage Pregnancy in the UK The WritePass Journal

Analysis on Teenage Pregnancy in the UK Introduction Analysis on Teenage Pregnancy in the UK IntroductionStatisticsSex EducationSexual attitudes among young peopleWelfare benefitsSocial-economic deprivationLack of StigmaLone parenthoodOut of wedlock birthsDivorceWorking mothersConclusionRelated Introduction Teenage pregnancy is a major concern in the UK, and for the last 20 years it has the highest rates in the European Union; other countries with similar rates are New Zealand and Australia (Maticka, 2001 p. 15). The UK is found to have the highest live birth rates among people with the age of 15-19 in Western Europe. It is estimated that even the most prosperous zones in the UK surpasses Netherlands and France in national rates of teenage pregnancy. Between the 1970s and 1980s, there was a record decline with the rates in many European countries. However, these rates did not go down in UK in the period 1979 and 1999 (SEU, 1999), while conception among under 16-olds rose by 1% between 2002 and 2003 (Office of National Statistics, 2005). The common factors found to influence high levels of teenage pregnancy includes but not limited to: Social economic status especially income distribution across societies, gender equality levels within the societies, the availability of sex education and prevention strategies at schools, access to sexual heath services that meets the needs of teenage persons, normalized expectation of continued education beyond the age of 16, Exposure to unhealthy media materials amongst others. In the year 2000 alone, 38,690 under the age of 18 years got pregnant in England. 44.8% of these underwent legal abortion as the conceptions were not planned for. Surprisingly, 7,617 of the total conceptions involved girls under the age of 16 years out of which 54.5% ended in legal abortion (Office for National Statistics, 2000). Many factors influence teenagers choices to become sexually active and to use contraception considering their ability to obtain them and make use of contraception their choice. These factorsoperate are exercised at individual’s level (e.g. attitudesand beliefs, knowledge, substance abuse and future expectations), the intra-familiallevel (e.g., social economic factors, family structure, parent–child communication), the extra-familial level (e.g., health services, peer influences,sexual health education at school) and thecommunity level (e.g., values and norms relating to teenage pregnancy).Most of these factors can be changed with time and within respective social institutions individualknow-how concerning sexual health, while others are difficult to change or cannot be changed at all. In most cases, physician groups are left the role to lobby for policy initiatives aimedat changing sexual risky trends among teenagers which includes;enhanced sexual education at schools. However, the important rolefor physicians is to offer suitable sexual health informationand services in their practices when they are providing clinicalservices to youths (Botting, 1998 p. 21). It is necessary that physicians be familiar with the realityof teenage sexual activity. Conducted studies have indicated that, by completion of high school, the majority of teenagers will have had sexualintercourse (Maticka, 2001 p. 3) and approximately 10% have had intercourse beforeage 15. It is therefore much important to include as part of the general enquiry into their well-being, their sexual activity too,use of contraception and condoms, their history of sexually transmittedinfections and pregnancy. There is need to acquire information abouttheir other sexual health concerns. Adolescents are not necess arily the ones to initiate discussions about sexual healthissues, since to them the process of seeking sexual health advice is a complicatedone, and therefore physicians must be proactive in making suchan enquiry. When contraception, including emergency contraception, is indicatedfor teenagers, it should be provided. Like other women, adolescentsalso have a right to abortion services, although the availabilityof such services is not uniform across the country, and teenagedgirls of low socioeconomic status or from visible minoritieshave particularly limited access. Teenagers have the rightto confidential health care, including receiving sexual healthservices, provided their emotional and cognitive maturity allowfor this. Their parents do not have an automatic right to know.The right to confidentiality is not always understood by teenagersand should be appropriately communicated during patient encounters.Finally, when teenagers choose to continue their pregnancy toterm, exemplary care should be provided before, during and afterdelivery, to help minimize the risk of negative outcomes thatmay occur. Lack of consensus on ways of counterchecking pregnancy problem and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in respect to teenagers is one of the factors contributing the high rates of teenage pregnancies in the UK. There are no proper installed structures advocating favorable comprehensive sex and its related education. Low expectations in education which is greatly attributed by the perception that there are few or no employment opportunities lead to teenagers absconding education, engaging in unplanned sex due to exposure in their neighborhoods and subsequent pregnancy (BBC NEWS, Friday, 27 May 2005). Ignorance about the use of contraceptives despite their availability often leads to unplanned conception. Although most of the teenage girls are well conversant with the importance of condom use, a large number would go on and engage in sexual activity hoping the worst does not happen. The youth have been found to be inefficient users of contraceptives even when they are offered for free (BBC NEWS, Friday, 27 May 2005). One Jan Barlow was quoted by BBC attributing three factors that help alleviate teenage pregnancy and STI rate as being: better access to young people friendly services, comprehensive sex and relationship education, and offering more open attitudes to sex aimed at influencing young people in making sound decisions (BBC NEWS, Friday, 27 May 2005). The England government for instance had advocated for sex education training but the school authorities are only focused at teaching other subjects. According to him, Sex and relationship that lacks in school curriculum ought to be made a compulsory unit in personal social health education studies. A study conducted for the NHS at the University of York concludes that education prior to sexual activity makes individuals delay in having sex and makes them more likely to use contraception when they do. However, sex education offered in schools is criticized as being too biological and in-adequate to arm the youths with the relevant sex information (Barlow, 2005 May 27). Teenage girls and boys are misguided approach from TV programs relating sex with celebrities and portraying it as a fashioned activity. It is noted that teenagers particularly those not participating in co curricular activities are likely to spend most of their time watching romantic programs. The media sets them adrift in the sexualized society without giving them the tools to look after themselves. The outcome is indirect influence when the affected youth fail to differentiate action scenes from real life (BBC NEWS, Friday, 27 May 2005). Teenage pregnancy comes handy with various complications. The adverse effects include miscarriage, premature births, babies are born underweight for gestational age whereas others are born small (Horgan, 2007). Teenage mothers are also found to have higher risks of contracting STIs, being victims of alcohol and substance abuse, smoking and poor nutrition in addition to suffering higher rates of postnatal depression (Horgan, 2007). Gynecological immaturity in teenage mothers is one of the reasons attributed to the adverse effects following births. Adolescent girls continue to grow when pregnant. The babies they carry faces food and nutrients competition required for their growth with the growing bodies of their mothers. There is also increased risk of obstructed labor during birth because of their undeveloped small pelvises (Horgan, 2007). These effects are adverse and their effects are prone to have a long term effects therefore preventive measures are by the far advisable measures. Family planning and sexual health clinics should be easy to access amongst these women and facilitated with a wide range of the relevant services, including diet advice, cessation on smoking behavior and embarking back to studies after birth. As a matter of fact, they should be encouraged to attend antenatal classes and care which should offer them medical care as well as social support. It is believed that postnatal management for teenage mothers is placed better in offering essential counseling and education on crucial aspects of motherhood such as breastfeeding and nutrition for babies. As many teenage mothers tend to be single and often feel isolated in bringing up their babies, they require special attention from the health and social services (Horgan, 2007). An Obstetrician and Gynecologist; Louse Kenny working at Cork University Maternity Hospital attributes that the figures indicates that death rate for babies from very young mothers is 60% more higher than those from the older women. Further, teenage mothers are more likely to be faced with postnatal depression as compared with their counterparts-the older women. Some 44% of mothers under the age of 20 breastfeed compared to 64% amongst 20-24 and up to 80% in older mothers. There is a need therefore to conduct further studies to ascertain whether the poor outcome from teenage mother births is entirely a link with biological challenges resulting from their bodies not being fully developed; or it is a combination of other factors such as social demographic factors (Horgan, 2007). Teenage mother are at risk of indulging with malpractices that poses unconducive environment to their newborns like smoking due to the associated stress and their vulnerability to peer pressures. At their age, they are not entirely dependent in making sound decisions, a reason why close attention should be directed to them to safeguard their heath and that of the newborns. Awareness towards the dangers associated with smoking for instance is paramount to them, risks of contracting sexually transmitted infections and the need to use contraception in future sexual activities (Horgan, 2007). There is challenge presented by teenage mothers toward heath workers. Most stay for a long time before presenting themselves to health facilities for diagnosis, only to avail themselves at the late stages in the pregnancy. They thus fail to receive timely attention to any possible presenting risk and guidance on how to take care to ensure healthy newborns and safe delivery. Both the teenage mother and the child are prone to undergo negative short term, medium and long term health and mental health outcomes that are as a result of unprepared ness in the encounter and dilapidated exposed conditions thereafter (Botting et al., 1998). The mother’s education and future employment may be brought to prejudice. There is more likelihood of teenage mothers running into trouble in school before getting pregnant and possible failure to complete studies after delivery. As a result, they may not be having academic qualifications at the age of 33, a situation that renders them find difficulty in looking for a job or subject to low payments and poor benefits as opposed to their peers (SEU, 1999). An estimated 80% of teenage mothers do not own their own housing arrangements. They are either housed by their parents, relatives or others sponsors who are added an extra burden towards meeting additional expenses. This is more likely to result into domestic conflict in addition to failure to provide the desired space environment for both the mother and the child which may the related cost may not be within reach (SEU, 1999). Young fathers also face similar difficulties although their extent isles severe compared to that of young mothers. They are however faced with similar economic and employment outcomes in their post parenthood (Kiernan, 1995). Children of teenage mothers are more likely to have the experience of being lonely in the family. They are further faced by generalized risks of poverty, poor housing, and poor nutrition and consequently face inadequate upbringing standards. Evidence shows that daughters of teenage mothers are likely to become teenage parents themselves (Botting et al., 1998). It is thus noted that having children at a young age can damage a young woman’s health and well-being. Her education and career prospects are severely affected too. While young people can become competent parents, a variety of studies reveal that children born of teenagers are more likely to experience a wide range of negative outcomes later in life. They are also three times more likely to become teenage parents themselves (Hughes, 2010). As a matter of fact, at the age of 30, teenage mothers are 22% more likely to be living in poverty than mothers giving birth at the age of 24 years and above. They are less likely to be employed or be living with a partner (Hughes, 2010). Teenage mothers are less likely to have academic qualifications at the age of thirty as compared to mothers who get children after having attained the age of 24 years. Due to their vulnerable condition, they are more likely to partner with men who are poorly qualified and less likely to secure employment (Hughes, 2010). Statistics have shown that teenage mothers have three times the rate of post natal depression compared to older mothers and at higher risk of poor mental health for at least three years after birth. In addition, the infant mortality rate for babies born to teenage mothers is 60% higher than for babies born to old mothers. Compared to older mothers, they are likely to smoke throughout their pregnancy while 50% are found not to breastfeed both which poses negative health consequences to the child (Hughes, 2010). Children born of teenage mothers have approximate 63% increased risk of being born into poverty compared to babies born to mothers at their twenties. They have higher mortality rates and are more likely to have accidents and behavioral problems (Hughes, 2010). Owing to the increased the increased teenage pregnancy as a social problem in the UK, policy makers, politicians and health educators have been borrowing measures applied in Netherlands to alleviate the situations. These measures are selected on the merit of their suitability. Statistics In 2000, the birth rate to young women with the age of 15-19 was 37.7 in every 1000 in England and Wales Compared to 5, 5 in every 1000 in Netherlands. On the other hand, the conception rates were four times higher at 62.2% per 1000 compared with 14.1 % in every 1000 in the Netherlands. (Figure insert) Sex Education Sex education in schools is greatly attributed to the reduced teenage pregnancy occurrences in many countries where it if effectively applied. This hypothesis have been assumed and highly promoted in the media by birth control and abortion lobbies and without the support of the research evidence. In the UK; Sex education has been politicized in many educational centers and political leaders too. The UK parents are not free to set up their own publicly fund schools independent of the state according to their own beliefs and values where there is a high degree of autonomy in terms of curriculum development and policy making. UK lacks diversity in didactics, pedagogical strategies and content and influences of the churches and the involvement of parents are not much stronger. As a result, sex education has nut impacted a lot towards reducing teenage pregnancy (LDM, 2003). It is found that: Sex education is not open as it is often suggested though it is often taught within a firm moral framework. The most liberal and open classes were found in the more social and economically derived areas where teenagers were already more sexually active and teachers felt there was little they could do to compensate for family structures that were inadequate to guide streetwise young people in the increasing sexual culture. Of the teachers interviewed, none was comfortable with the idea of opening up open classes for sex education curriculum which would entail sexually explicit materials. The schools where the sexual activity was less a problem were not on the welcome of sex education but were positive on building on the moral frame work provided by parents within stable family structures Further evidence has exposed sex education as not being that permissive as it is often perceived. A considerable figure of sexual health experts are critical of traditional views of sexual morality widely held among teachers and parents. The experts are concerned that an emphasis on setting the expression of sexual morality firmly within the context of committed enduring relationships is too restrictive when teenagers may want to experiment which sexual activity (LDM, 2003). There lacks evidence to support the ascertain that the teenage pregnancy rate has been reduced by easy availability of contraception to the young people in what is described as an almost imperfect contraceptive population where condom use rose among the sexually active from 17% in 1981 to 85% in1994 (Ketting, 1994). There is no corresponding relationship found in the reduction rates of either teenage pregnancies or abortions whereas there are early signs of an overall rise in the rate of sexually transmitted infection (STIs) occurrences: in particular, Chlamydia which affects the young people disproportionately (Van der Laar, 2002). More findings show that during the 1990s, the abortion rate rose despite a wide increase in contraceptive use (CBS, 2000). It therefore cannot be attributed that the decline trend of teenage pregnancy is a result if sex education, open culture and contraception use rather a combination of factors not related to the above. Since teenage pregnancy is a result of teenage sex, then it goes hand in hand that a society that has more of one of the two is going to experience more of the other. It is thus necessary to consider factors that are known to influence the age at which young people starts sexual relationships (LDM, 2003). Sexual attitudes among young people Casual attitude to physical relationship is ever growing. However, the UK teenagers appear not to be guided by moral principles to a large extent than their counterparts in for example the Middle East that abstain from sexual intercourse until a much later age. A comparative study of sexual attitude among teenagers found that a majority of both males and females in Netherlands for instance gave love a commitment as their primary reason for first intercourse. Physical opportunity and attraction and peer pressure are not leading factors to sex in Netherlands. In UK however, while love and commitment have high ranking in girls, boys are found to be more influenced by peer pressure, opportunity and physical attraction (LDM, 2003). From the perspective of young people in such circumstances, early parenthood can appear a rational choice, providing a means for making their transition to adulthood or having somebody to love in their lives. Welfare benefits A welfare benefit is another factor that makes teenage pregnancy level to be high in the UK. The teenage parents receive income financial support from the government when they are less than 18 years and do not have to depend on their parents. The babies born are put under the care of a legal guardian who happens to be the parent of the teenage mother in most circumstances. The legal guardian becomes the receivership of the governments support allowing their mothers to continue with schooling. In addition to this, the teenage parents enjoy housing benefits, educational opportunities, employment training and free medical care. With the provision of all these, a disincentive to engage in irresponsible sexual behavior lacks (LDM, 2003). Social-economic deprivation Teenage pregnancy is strongly associated with the most deprived and socially excluded young people. Difficulties in young peoples’ lives such as poor family relationships, low esteem and unhappiness at school also put them at higher risk. It is in record that acute levels of social economic deprivations are associated with high frequency of teenage sex activities and associated risks behavior. The concentration of areas with magnificent levels of poverty and social inequality in some areas of the UK has lead to the emergent of a desperate culture in which there is only little to lose in early parenting. The loss is further reduced from compensations of social welfare benefits that alleviate the costs of living and upkeep. An income support and housing allowance for instance makes the cost of having a baby not too much (LDM, 2003). Lack of Stigma In recent years, teenage pregnancy relatively lacks stigmatization in the UK. Stigmatization is known to discourage undesirable habits where the involved persons are subjected to humiliation in the past. Social services makes it hard for one to access most services, people disregard one making him/her always indebted. Lack of stigma associated with pregnancy in the UK is a major contributory factor to higher teenage pregnancy rates (LDM, 2003). There are also some communities in which early parenthood is seen as normal and not a concern. Lone parenthood In the year 2000, single parents in Great Britain accounted for 21% of all families that had children. Children in Britain are more likely to be raised by a lone parent as compared with other European countries. A study of over 2000 young people in England aged 13-15 years found that in families headed by married couple, only 13% of the children were sexually active. The number doubled for young people living within single families. The figure was 24% for the children of cohabiting couples, 26% where the children had separated, 23% where the children divided their time between two parents living apart, 24% where the parents were divorced and 35% where the children did not live with either of the parents (Hill, 2000). Evidence is therefore placed in increase of teenage sexual activity in lone parenting or no parenting at all. Great Britain having single parent’s levels of 21% (in relation to year 2000) inclines that the sexually active youths are very many. Out of wedlock births In western Europe, children are more likely to be born to an unmarried mother. Children born in this context are prone to be raised in poorer environments where sexual activeness is high. Daughters from single mother are also likely to bear children out of wedlock during their teenage years. Divorce In the year 2000, 12.7 in every 1000 married men obtained a divorce in England and Wales. Children in Britain are more likely to have experienced the divorce of their parents. This is important considering that people not living with both biological parents are more sexually active in their early ages than those from intact families. Other factors like race, religion, age and social class are closely based from a family setup (Demo, 1998). Working mothers The UK had 18.3% of mothers with children under the age of five employed full time in the year 2000. The figure was higher for mothers with children aged between five and eight years with 31.9%. Europe, 75% of the population believes that women should contribute to the family income (Schulze, 1999). In the year 1999, UK had approximate 35% of the mothers of pre school children using some form of daycare and approximate 27% of mothers of children aged between 5 -12 using some form of out-of-school care (SCP, 2000). This finding suggests that many children in Britain are left under the care of a third party having no one at home. Once out of school, they have low levels of parental supervision and are more likely to indulge in reckless behaviors, premature sex included. Conclusion Teenage pregnancy poses a societal problem in the UK with the statistics of cases recorded alarming. Teenage pregnancy is caused by a wide range of factors surrounding young people. However, parenting and social economic issues are the major categories that contribute towards the high levels of teenage pregnancy. Due to the adverse effects experienced by the young mothers some of which are long term, it is vital that collective measures that best suit the phenomenon are adopted. By doing this, many teenagers will be saved the misery of upbringing children while being disadvantaged by numerous factors discussed.

Pesticides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pesticides - Essay Example Pesticides would also ensure that stored food, especially cereals, stay for long periods without any destruction from probable pests. However, the consequence of this is devastating. The chemicals used in the pesticides, though not poisonous to man on instant use, would accumulate in the body, posing risks such as developing such deadly diseases like cancer. Levine (2007) says that pesticides are not harmful to human beings, but excessive use of foods that have elements of the chemicals are harmful to the body. The danger may not be instant, but the negative impact would surely come. Genetically modified foods are equally unsafe. The fact that they increase food productivity notwithstanding, the modification makes them unsafe. This modification interferes with the normal arrangement of the DNA in the food. The body depends on the food we eat for various processes. By taking in food that is genetics modified, chances are that the body might assimilate this manipulated genetics, a fact that can result in a person giving birth in abnormal children. Pesticides and genetically modified foods should completely be

Chapters 1-6 Summary of Forensic Science from the Crime Scene to the Essay

Chapters 1-6 Summary of Forensic Science from the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab - Essay Example These laws are applied so as to control the accomplishments of the forensic community. Forensic science is an enormous field that has a wide history of its appliance. The first documented autopsy belonged to Julius Caesar. This was during the 15th century that he produced his first textbook on forensics. In the book a murder occurred, and the murder weapon was identified by science. Times have developed, and forensic science is used in investigations to find out the causes of crimes. In the United States, a department of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was developed in the 1930s by J. Edgar Hoover, who is considered as the father of FBI. This department is used for investigating crime scenes and until today it mainly uses forensics science to come up with evidences. Edgar founded nation-wide laboratories to offer services in forensics. These crime laboratories delivered quality forensic services to all law implementation organisations in the United States. Thus, they play a significant role in providing proof of crimes by using fingerprints, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and may more. Forensic scientists visit crime scenes to gather and analyse evidence by collaborating with the investigators and define their findings through comprehensive written reports. When investigating a crime scene, one has to know ways on how to secure the scene, take a survey and how to search it in order to find evidence. Therefore, first one should establish the dimensions of the scene and find the potential health and safety risks. This can be done by locating the focal point. At the scene, safety is very vital all through the primary approach to the crime scene. Individuals should be keen on biohazards, weapons, chemical hazards and deliberate traps might be waiting for the responders. Hence, people on the scene including medics, coroners and fire fighters should be given advice on evidentiary

The Optical Character Reader Essay Example for Free

The Optical Character Reader Essay The Optical Character Reader has traditionally been well-known in the area of scanning of handwritten documents (preprinted such as utility bills filled in with meter readings by human readers) and process the numbers or text from the scanning process into computer readable formats through software. The OCR is one of the best methods to use when there is a need for the capture of neat handwritten documents. SAT tests, electronic bill calculation and MCQ quizzes are part of the applications of the OCR. This paper will however, research the OCR comparing it with other available methods/devices for data capture and evaluate the usefulness of the OCR against them. THE RESEARCH GOCR: Historically, GOCR software has not been one of the toppers in this field. With high error rates in character recognition (98% for version 0.4), it is just worth giving a test try at most. Although the subsequent versions had those bugs fixed, the efficiency of GOCR has always been lower than the other OCR software.   GOCR works in two modes: reading off black text off white backgrounds as well as reading off white text off black backgrounds. The latter was however, more difficult to program for the developers and still has high margin of errors. Its ability to recognize handwritten characters with a lot of deviation is poor. Although much work has been done in the later versions to improve this, optical character recognition accuracy is still one of the biggest issues for GOCR. The GOCR has the highest number of characters recognized incorrectly. Therefore, â€Å"I†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s are recognized wrongly as â€Å"l†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s and â€Å"v†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s are recognized as â€Å"u†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s. GOCR is useful in situations where the handwriting is exceptionally neat or the document error rate is not a matter of concern (which of course will be a rare case). Also it should be noted that GOCR is open-source software. This means that GOCR code is readily available free of cost. Therefore, different versions floating around are actually revisions by different programmers on the basis of their knowledge. Thus, GOCR offers a few features that are unique: the ability to work with a different variety of formats of images (which is also found in others, but with one or two omissions). Tesseract OCR: One of the reviews of this software went like this: â€Å"It sounds like it Tesseract OCR I unusable at the current moment, but the developments made by Google in the subsequent versions leave a promising note for the future.† In short, Tesseract is one of those open source optical character reading software that is not considered to be one of the most efficient software suites. In fact, one of the drawbacks of Tesseract is the command line interface with the user. This seems most absurd for software that deals with pictures and graphics. However, the software is configured to accept picture or graphics from hardware and then automatically read it and transform it into text. This OCR software has yet to come to a more user friendly state for it to be more popular as well as efficient. The error rate of 25% is not very low. However, considering the interface, this is quite an achievement for developers who could not or simply did not want to make an interactive software to achieve 75% success in recognizing handwritten characters. The main aim of an OCR is to reduce the need for manual typing in either large volumes or in the case of transfer of data (programmers often use it as disaster recovery plans). Thus it is necessary that the software for OCR be fool-proof to high degree. It should provide accuracy, reliability as well as be able to work with deviations from normal. Both GOCR and Tesseract OCR are able to recognize characters in printed images and files, but the main problem arises in handwriting. Apart from that too, there are evident problems described above. Thus, the third software for comparison, Microsoft Document Imaging, coupled with Microsoft Word OCR capabilities overcomes these problems and provides a cost effective solution. It should be noted that this is not single software. Instead there are two complementary software working towards reaching the desired result. Microsoft Document Imaging with Microsoft Word OCR capability: This is without any doubt the strongest software suit available for the purpose of accurate and effective optical character recognition. Microsoft document Imaging provides the first process service: scanning the image and making it ready for the software by converting the physical input to a machine readable format. In the next step the scanned file is given to Microsoft Word. This has in-built OCR capabilities that are strong, efficient as well as user-friendly. The OCR recognizes the characters with up to a 98% accuracy level, allowing a very small room for errors. Apart from that, this software also provides the capability of recognizing handwritten characters to stay at par with the standard OCR software. It is an effective software solution with a powerful interface, speedy solution as well as a cost-effective solution. It has all the features that make it overcome the problems discussed in GOCR and Tesseract OCR.   Microsoft Document Imaging and Word complement each other perfectly and thus they are the choice of any OCR requiring scenario. The capability of this suite to handle images with accuracy and speed drives up its performance greatly. It is clear from the above comparisons done that the third option has the strongest and most cost effective benefits over the other software. It is quickest and the cheapest form of input of handwritten characters into the computer so that they can also be edited. It also provides the best recognition capability of deviating characters.

Studying Computer Science Essay -- Computer Science

Introduction Hardware can be daunting. The following is a brief look at why every computer science major should be knowledgeable in the acronyms that abound within the computer industry. Overwhelming Factors Budding computer science majors can be thankful to Ken Thompson’s desire to travel space. It was this desire that maintained a failed attempt of an operating system by a joint venture of General Electric, Bell Labs, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The operating system was named Multics and was abandoned in the late sixties, yet Ken Thompson had programmed a game he named Space Travel for Multics and it still needed an operating system on which to run. As they did not have the resources they had to run Multics at the house, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie worked together to produce what we know today as UNIX (Ritchie, 1984), yet UNIX now needed a platform upon which to run and yet again, another savior to computer science that we can be thankful for today, IBM mass-produced personal computers for use in the common household. Yet, thankfully, IBM failed at dominating the personal computer market and clones became yet another savior. Personal computers and their clones are comprised of standard, interchangeable components. Components such as Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Central Processing Unit (CPU), Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Compact Disc or Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory often referred to as CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, motherboards, Graphic Processing Unit (formerly known as video cards and now referred to as GPU), and the like are the norm for any typical computer whether they are of the desktop or laptop varieties. Form factors must also be taken into account terms such as XT, AT, ATX, mi... ...oring becomes a factor, shopping for RAM that interfaces with the Front Side Bus (FSB) at 800 MHZ or 1066MHZ becomes a factor, choosing CPU’s that are either dual-core or quad-core becomes a factor. Factors, there are many of them; one way to combat this is to educate and familiarize oneself with the acronyms and terms associated within the computing industry. If not properly armed, the factors can be overwhelming to any computer science major. Works Cited Krynin, M. (2010) UEFI – unified extensible firmware interface. Retrieved: December 9, 2010 from: http://compreviews.about.com/od/motherboards/a/UEFI.htm N.A. (2010) Desktop form factors. Retrieved: December 9, 2010 from: http://www.formfactors.org/searchproducts.asp Ritchie, D. (1984) Early unix history and evolution. Retrieved: December 8, 2010 from: http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html

Kim Challenger Essay

What do your chosen three stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories tell us about English society in the nineteenth century? The three short stories I have decided to study are, â€Å"The Speckled Band†, â€Å"Silver Blaze†, and â€Å"The Man with the Twisted Lip. † These were all written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and are of a detective genre. They were first published in a magazine in the Victorian times called â€Å"The Strand†. The stories are all of a similar length because they fitted into columns in the magazine and were all short stories. On Conan Doyle’s last story, â€Å"The Final Problem†, there was a public outcry because they loved Sherlock Holmes’s character so much and Conan Doyle killed him off. As a result of this outcry, Conan Doyle was forced to bring him back in â€Å"The Empty House†, in 1905. The Victorian period is the time when Queen Victoria ruled the British Empire from 1837 to 1901. It was a time of growth in the areas of wealth, technology, culture and literature. There was a class system and this was believed to have been dictated by God. There were three classes; upper class, middle class and working class. There was also an â€Å"underclass† who could not support themselves and lived in extreme poverty. The upper class consisted of the Queen, aristocrats, lords and ladies. The middle class consisted of businessmen and the working class consisted of servants. The Victorians were very religious; they went to church every Sunday and said prayers before meals. The vast majority of them were Anglican. Life for women and children was unbearably hard. As soon as a child could walk, it was expected to work; making matchboxes was one of the main jobs for children as it was easy. Women from all classes were expected to be married young and to raise a family of their own. Few marriages in the middle and upper classes were love matches, but were arranged by parents. Victorian London is where Sherlock is based but not necessarily where all the crimes took place. For example, â€Å"I (Watson) walked †¦ holding my breath to keep out the vile, stupefying fumes of the drug†. This took place in â€Å"The Man with the Twisted Lip. † This story was set in London.

Crash: White People and Movie

Crash (2004) Directory Paul Haggis Crash is a movie that takes place in a two-day period and puts racism right in the face of viewers. From the time the movie starts to the time the movie ends, there is racism covered. The opening scene shows a black couple driving and gets pulled over by two white cops. One of the white cops starts harassing the black couple and leads to comments about race. It quickly turns worse as the white cop starts molesting the female of the couple they pulled over. Which in turn then causes a debate between the black couple about being controlled by white people.This was just the opening scene of the movie. This is a very powerful scene that leads up to all the events happening during the movie. There is racism in every part of this movie and from every angle. The movie shows how people themselves can be racist toward their own race and others. Crash breaks down stereotypes and shows how each has race certain features that the race has. There were scenes tha t showed what stereotypes Muslims have and how they talk to each other and own small convenience store. Later in the movie their store was trashed and spray paint on their walls called them â€Å"towel heads†.There was a Mexican lock smith who was in a white woman’s house changing out locks and was said to have the look of gang members and go to his â€Å"homies† with an extra set of keys to rob them. Which later shows him with his family at home and him loving his daughter. The list goes on and on with each different race to show stereotypes and how they are perceived and then shows the character in the way they live their life in that movie, being that it a true state of truth or what the real life is. Crash brings real life situations to light. There is a lawyer who even uses a race card to try to get people on his side.It is not how he honestly feels but it is how he is seen in the public eye. Brendan Fraser plays the, not so popular, role of the lawyer. A v ery different role for him to play and puts him as a bad character. Every movie he has completed, he has been a good guy type and lovable. Crash puts him into a category where later on could get fans to turn on him for this role. But he does a great job portraying this character truthfully. All the characters in the movie appear to have some kind of connection to each other, but not knowingly connected.Each character starts their own story, but by the end of the movie, shows how they all are connected to each other. They movie ends with the racist white cop who molested the black female from the couple he pulled over in the beginning of the movie, saving her life from a firey car accident. She tries to reject his help because of what happened earlier, but knows she has no other choice to accept his help. It shows that sometimes first impressions are not always true and people could be different from what they pictured in their head.When they showed the background on the racist cop, they showed he had troubles at home with is father that he loved and cared for. And he was not getting sleep because of the type of care he was giving him. Later on calling for help from his insurance company, who happens to be a black female with a â€Å"typical† black female name, causing another racist remark. But, again, the only thing he is looking for is help for his father. The black female insurance person was very angry about how she was being treated on the phone and that he was being racist. But later in the movie, it showed that she herself was making racist remarks.This movie has very real life situations. This movie can and does happen in everyday life. I have seen it happen and been around it when it happened. Everyone has stereotypes towards all races. Is that racism? Maybe and maybe not! It’s all how you act out on it. And in this movie Crash, everyone acts out on his or her beliefs of every race. In fact, the movie was based on a real life incident, w hich happened to director and writer Paul Haggis when his car was hijacked in 1991. (â€Å"Crash(2004),† ) Since this story was created on real life, it could happen and will most likely happen again in life. I, personally, loved the movie.It had a very powerful and strong message. Crash got you to hate and yet like the characters. Some parts pulled at my heartstrings and got me to cry multiple times. Why did I cry during this movie? I cried because I can see this happening everyday. I can see how this hurts people and how desperate people can be to make themselves look good. The movie did win BEST PICTURE and BEST WRITING awards at the Oscars the following year. The script was done perfect. A lot of thought went into writing this and brought in from personal experience. We all have own thoughts on how every race is seen in the public eye.Everyone doesn’t know what happens behind closed doors. When things happen behind closed doors, we do not know the whole complete st ory. And that’s when judgment is brought out. Racism happens everyday. It can be happening right in front of us or we can be the guilty party of creating it. It is a hard battle to fight when there is so much happening everyday. We choose which we do. Stand together and fight against this evil or keep going living our lives with hate towards each other and act like nothing is wrong. Crash(2004). (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0375679/faq

ESL Relationship Vocabulary Worksheet

ESL Relationship Vocabulary Worksheet There are all kinds of human relationships and these relationships will play a role in your discussions. This page will help you explore a variety of relationships including romantic relationships, your friends and family, and relationships at work. Start off by learning new vocabulary in groups and then applying that vocabulary in sentences, gap fills and conversation. Learning Vocabulary Discuss with your partner each of the vocabulary words and phrases below. Try to use each vocabulary item in a sentence. Romance - Peoplecasual / steady dateboy/girlfriendsignificant otherhusband / wifelovermistressunrequited lovelove-interestExamples:My date was late for the dance!Feel free to bring along your significant other to the party Romance - Eventsdateone night standflingengagementmarriagebreakupseparationdivorceExamples:Tom and Bettys marriage is inspiring!Unfortunately, the marriage ended in divorce. Romance - Verbshave a crush ondateflirt withgo out withbreak up withlive togethermarry / get marriedExamples:Peter flirted with Maria during the class.Helen went out with Andrea for more than three years. Friends / Enemies - Peoplegood / close / best friendenemycompanionacquaintanceplatonic relationshiprivalnemesisExamples:Were not dating. We have a platonic relationship.My rival in tennis beat me last week. Friends / Enemies - Verbscompete withget along withhit it off withgang up ontrust / distrusthang out withExamples:Peter and Alan hit it off at the meeting last week.I like to hang out with Carl on the weekends. Work - Peoplecoworkercolleaguebusiness partnerbossdirectorcustomerclientmanagementstaffExamples:The director sent a memo out to staff.My coworker got married last weekend. Work - Eventsmeetingpresentationinterviewsales callconventionExamples:Alexander made a presentation at the convention last week.I have a meeting at three oclock this afternoon. Work - Verbsdo business withmeetschedulecontactdelegatecompete withbe responsible forpresentapologize toExamples:James is responsible for sales in California.Lets schedule a meeting next week. Family - Peoplemother / father / brother / sister in-lawuncleauntcousinblood / distant relativesExamples:I dont often see my distant relatives.Her mother-in-law drives her crazy! Family - Eventsweddingreunionget togetherfuneralholidayExamples:Its funny how we only see distant relatives at weddings and funerals.We had a nice family get together last weekend. Family - Verbsget along withrebel againstargue withhave a good relationship withobey / disobeypunishemulatelook up toExamples:She looks up to her father. The children disobeyed their parents and were punished. Vocabulary Worksheet Exercise 1 Use a word or phrase to fill in the gaps. Each word or phrase is used only once. love-interest, blood, nemesis, friendship, love, crush, casual, distant, unrequited love, acquaintance, steady, business partner Love is very different from _______. If youve got a _______ on someone you cant wait to see them. If its just an ________ you can probably wait until tomorrow or the day after. One thing is for sure: Youll probably see your ______ relatives every day! Luckily, you dont need to see your _______ relatives quite as often, though. When it comes to business, youll probably see your _________ daily, but youll stay away from ________ as often as you can. Lets face it: ______ is complicated. Ive heard from a number of people who have experienced _____________, and theyre never the same! There are also all kinds of considerations. For example, if youve had a _______ date, do you want to go out again? Are you tired of your ________ date? Well, maybe its time for a new __________! Exercise 2 Use a verb to fill in the blanks in the sentences. Remember to conjugate the verb depending on the situation, and dont forget your prepositions! My nemesis and I _______________ each other on a daily basis!I can remember the first time I met my wife. We ____________ immediately and life was never the same.Students who __________________ their parents after the age of 30 are ridiculous.I __________________ my father for my whole life. Hes a wonderful example of a kind-hearted person with good judgement.Yesterday, she ________________ her colleague for criticizing her work. She said she was very sorry.Ever since he ____________ Angela, hes been a changed man!Mary ________________ her boyfriend last week. She couldnt stand his complaining anymore.They _____________________ for more than twenty years. They see no reason to get married. Worksheet Answers Exercise 1 friendshipcrushacquaintanceblooddistantbusiness partnernemesisloveunrequited lovecasualsteadylove-interest Exercise 2 compete withhit it offlive withhave looked up toapologized towent out withbroke up withhave lived together

Why Nursing is a Popular Option for Career Changers

Why Nursing is a Popular Option for Career Changers Choosing a career is a momentous decision - one which holds the potential to lead to a lifetime of satisfaction †¦ .or misery. Not everyone gets it right the first time. Most recently, a trend is arising in which an increasing number of people in their 30s, 40s and 50s are pursuing second careers in nursing. Let’s take a closer look at this phenomenon. Supply and DemandThe nationwide demand for RNs is set to undergo a 21 percent increase by 2025, according to a December 2014 report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ National Center for Health Workforce Analysis. These numbers fail to factor in emerging care delivery models which will see nurses in new preventative care and care coordination roles thereby further increasing demand. The demand for LPNs is also projected to increase at a rate of 36 percent.While the country is recovering from the recession and in the process of bouncing back, many people remain scarred by layoffs, cutbacks, and ot her threats to job security. The anticipated demand for nursing removes this fear from the equation, and instead promises a secure future.And while registered nurses may not bring home the same high paychecks as doctors, they do make a comfortable income: a median pay of $65,470 per year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Fast Track to a New CareerWhile switching to a new career can take years in some professions, many nursing programs off a â€Å"fast track† which can be completed in as little as 12 months for college graduates. While most people don’t have the time or financial resources to invest in a long, drawn-out period of training, nursing offers a great career with minimal investment.The Chance to Make a DifferenceMany people enter first careers motivated by money and prestige. However, as people age, their priorities change. This is particularly true for those who may have experienced their own personal health issues, or witnessed a loved one go ing through a health catastrophe.In many cases, nurses are the primary point of contact for patients and families, and can make or break the quality of care. Because of their tremendous impact, many new, aspiring nurses are inspired to become nurses themselves.And while nurses may not have the prestige of their fellow doctors, they have something perhaps even more important: the trust of their patients. According to a recent Gallup poll, nurses received the highest ratings for honesty and ethical standards, surpassing medical doctors, police officers, and even members of the clergy.While changing careers can be an immobilizing decision - how do you know if you’re making the right choice? - it can also be an invaluable â€Å"second act,† for many American workers. At any age or stage of your career, following your calling into nursing can have innumerable benefits†¦both for you and the patients you serve.

Evaluation of Marx's and Weber's concept of class relevant to Essay

Evaluation of Marx's and Weber's concept of class relevant to understanding contemporary societies - Essay Example This leads to a relatively impoverished conception of the nature of antagonistic interests generated by class relations. Key readings from Marx ("The Communist Manifesto" and "On Classes") and Weber ("Class, Status, and Party") help us understand the sociological analyses of inequality in the concepts of social class, exploitation, surplus value, markets, status, and power. But there is always a difference of opinion between these two thinkers that clearly contrasts Marx's historical materialism and emphasis on class conflict with Weber's exploration of the overlapping sources of inequality in economic, social, and political spheres. (Chatterjee, 83) The importance of production relations in Marxian theory with Weber's emphasis on market relations could be a key prospect in understanding the basic or fundamental influence on modern European society. It could well be suggested that both property and market dynamics are important by relating each to the concepts of class composition. The basic concept may be incorporated into Weber's emphasis on social closure to more clearly differentiate social classes which could develop into a model of class structure, usefully differentiates relational and gradational conceptualizations of social class, and re-visits some key differences between Marxian and Weberian theory. But the end goal being the evaluation of Marxian and Weberian theory in the perspective of the modern society it could be well punctuated that the basic relevance of these perceptions are present even today but not necessarily in a visible manner. The insights of Marx and Weber remain integral to sociological analyses of inequality even as more recent scholarship has promoted more contextual, and some would say more nuanced, models. (Fletcher, 63) The basic perception of Marxian and Weberian theory relate to several critical debates in sociology, including structure versus agency arguments, functionalist versus social conflict models, and the debate over the primacy of class (as opposed to race or gender). In addition, the book's organization invites readers to think sociologically about the evolution of sociological theory itself; the connections between scholarly debates and the historical periods in which they are grounded are evident throughout the society. The concept of Marxian and Weberian theory is also useful for illuminating some of the differences between American and European intellectual traditions. If theoretical frameworks are identified by their silences as loudly as by their proclamations, then one of the defining characteristics of class analysis in Weberian tradition is the virtual absence of a systematic concept of exploitation. Nothing better captures the central contrast between the Marxist and Weberian traditions of class analysis than the difference between a class concept centred on the problem of life chances in Weber and a concept rooted in the problem of exploitation in Marx. This is not to say that Weber completely ignores some of the substantive issues connected to the problem of exploitation.It can be formulated easily, for example, Weber, like Marx, sees an intimate connection between

William Barton and the Australian Youth Orchestra Assignment

William Barton and the Australian Youth Orchestra - Assignment Example The ranges of the instruments are also different: the didgeridoo is unable to reach high pitches and, therefore, has a low range, whereas the orchestra with its instruments has a rather high range. The music has a compound meter. The didgeridoo also has no regular accents, it is possible to say that it is used in an impromptu music performance, while the orchestra has some of them and something similar to a structural organization. There are also no repeating rhythms in the music video analyzed, it is developed without them.  The contour of the melody is both ascending and descending, therefore, the overall contour of the melody of the analyzed music video is undulating. The music is disjunct because it contains leaps and intervals. The noticeable leaps occur when the didgeridoo fades and the orchestra starts playing, and the intervals are generally wide. The melody is also a wide-range one, combining the above mentioned low range of the didgeridoo and the high range of the orchest ra instruments.   It is possible to state that there is some dissonant present when the orchestra and the didgeridoo play simultaneously due to their different ranges and the ability to produce sounds of different pitches. The melody is also loud in dynamics, especially when the didgeridoo starts and goes on playing. There are also decreases and increases in loudness, when the orchestra is fading, the didgeridoo is louder, and the otherwise situation is also observed. The tempo of the music may be characterizes as moderate as there is no too fast.

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Marketing - Case Study Example In terms of personality, Starbucks targets people who want to stand out as individuals while Dunkins customers are people who want to be part of a crowd. The segment that Dunkins is attempting to reach through positioning is what can be classified as average Joe--the middle income blue- and white-collar workers across all ages, races; who like to belong in a crowd; who although values nicer stores they like it to appeal to the ordinary Americans. These people do not like the fancy store layouts of couches, art-decorated walls and eclectic music; they also do not like glamorously-sounding labels—they complained that calling a hot sandwich a panini is too fancy, thus it is renamed as stuffed melt. They like more accessible products like flatbread sandwiches and gourmet cookies rather than pinwheels of doughs stuffed with various fillings, which remind them of something they have during cocktail hours instead of decent meals. Yes, definitely. Marketing is about finding the right customers and providing values. A huge market cannot be served only by one player. There are different types of consumers, and even to a large player, providing all the needs and wants of the whole market will prove costly and will erode their profits. Therefore, they choose to serve the customers they serve best. In the coffee shop market, the higher income and professional groups are the target of Starbucks, people who want to stand out as individuals. But there are other types of customers. And seeing this segment not being served well gives a huge advantage to Dunkins. After knowing the distinct needs of this segment, a value proposition that carries the message about the benefits the company offers to fulfill these needs is just logical. If Dunkins instead competes with Starbucks in the other segment of the market and provide the same value proposition, it will only come up as second best, or an imitator

Romeo i Juliet theatre review Essay Example for Free

Romeo i Juliet theatre review Essay Romeo and Juliet is a romantic play based on two peoples desire to spend their lives together, but it doesnt exactly turn out exactly as they would have liked. The Black Cat Company showed this William Shakespeare production to us on Friday the 20th of October. This play is nearly split in half at the beginning, there are two groups of people both completely different, The Capulets and The Montagues. Romeo a good-looking working class young man is a Montague and always will be, he falls for a beautiful women Juliet and everything is fine until he finds out that she is a Capulet. After sneaking around Romeo is banished from the city of Verona for killing Tybalt a Capulet. Whilst Juliet is forced to marry a gentleman (by her parents) she does not want to go through with it. She then gets her hands on a potion that made her sleep for 48 hours. Her parents find her the next morning and think she passed away in the night. Romeo hears his beloved Juliet is dead and buys very strong poison; he goes to where Juliets body is and drinks it. Juliet wakes up and after seeing Romeos body she kills herself. The set they used was very simple, set out on stage left was a table with a flowery cloth on it, in the centre of the stage was a black box making it look quite simple and old fashioned, this had a sword in it, at the back was obviously a backdrop, where the actors changed and also was a music player. The music was very carefully chosen and really set a goof atmosphere, the costumes made it very obvious of the time this played would have taken place. The lighting was very basic; there were no special lighting effects at all. The characters really made an effort to involve the audience, their diction was also very clear. The narrator spoke very well and told the story very interestingly. Tybalt made it very clear that he was a baddy his anger came across well and also had very good stage presence. Benvolio had very good facial expressions and all around body movement, interesting to watch when he was on stage. Romeo was on stage nearly at all times he was a good actor that moved well across the stage, the tension between him and Juliet came across very well, he showed clearly that Romeo was a Montague by making clear hand jesters and generally acting like a down to earth working class young man. Juliets speech was in general quite good, but at some points I found it hard to understand her because she spoke very fast and ended up loosing her cotenants. Her use of props was very good and I think she improved her stage presence as the play progressed. Her best part was by far keeping incredibly still on the table while she was meant to be dead, it must have taken a lot of rehearsal. Mercutio was personally my favourite actor he had a very good pronunciation of Shakesperes English and seemed to pick it up very well. His reactions were also very clear and very interesting to watch. The nurse was more of a comedy actress, she did it very well to begin with and was very entertaining but towards the end, she went a little bit over the top. She involved the audience a lot and made a lot of the younger children laugh. This was all due to her body movements, she acted the elderly women very well and made it very obvious after one step on stage everyone could tell that she was playing an old woman. Her facial expressions were also something to remember. All of the actors and actresss worked well together and if someone forgot their lines they would each no exactly what to do. The moods change quite frequently in a play like this as it can go from happy and romantic to death or tragedy, the music really helped us realise what was going on. This story can also come across as very complicated, but as the actors new they were performing to a young audience so they deliberately targeted that aged group; they did it well so that they would find it easy to follow the story line and understand it. Even if the children didnt quite understand the language they could still tell what was going on because of the acting, the way they looked at each other and acted towards each other. The other thing that I happened to notice was the way the audience reacted to certain scenes, they whistled in the romantic scenes and gasped in the fighting scenes, which is a clear compliment to the actors. In comparison to other plays I have scene this one was good although with the right equipment and lighting and effects it could have been a lot better, but unfortunately they just didnt have the time to plan all of that. Other plays that I have seen are very different ones to this I have seen mostly musicals. An important scene in this production was the opening scene, it was an all round good scene, it was clear about what was happening, it made it very obvious about who was Montague and who was Capulet it gave the production a kick start as they caught the attention to the audience. Another important scene was the big fight scene, with all of the actors present when Mercutio was murdered; it was set out well, which was also easy to understand. My favourite scene by far has to be the last one, where tragedy hits, Juliet is dead on a table and Romeo comes in bursting with tears looking at his beautiful lover and just torn apart at the fact that he has lost her, he then kills himself but right at the moment when he is in so much pain he cannot speak a word Juliet wakes up and sees him there struggling to breathe and the look they exchange is just incredible. The atmosphere that is created in not easy to sit through but it is still brilliant and the audiences reaction to what had happened was what they were hoping for Im sure. It was very effective. I enjoyed this play very much and it was just a shame that I couldnt give it my full attention, as I had to write notes in the process. Four people, two women and two men, and the fact they had no interesting lighting or effects they did exceptionally well to put this play together. They certainly targeted the audience well and also at the end they let the audience ask questions about their background and also asked for a couple of volunteers and showed them how to stage fight. I thought this was a very good thing to include as it doesnt just mean that we just watch a play and thats the end of it, we also got to learn about it and pick up a few good tips on how to act well. I thoroughly enjoyed my afternoon.

No Child Left Behind Act Essay -- School Education Learning Essays Pap

No Child Left Behind Act The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, President George W. Bush's education reform bill, was signed into law on Jan. 8, 2002. The No Child Left Behind Act says that states will develop and apply challenging academic standards in reading and math. It will also set annual progress objectives to make sure that all groups of students reach proficiency within 12 years. And the act also says that children will be tested annually in grades 3 through 8, in reading and math to measure their progress. The test results will be made public in annual report cards on how schools and states are progressing toward their objectives. States will have until the 2005-06 school year to develop and apply their tests. Once the tests are in place, schools will be required to show "adequate yearly progress" toward their statewide objectives. This means that they must demonstrate through their test scores that they are on track to reach 100 percent proficiency for all groups of students within 12 years. The schools that fall behind may tend to have school improvement, corrective action, or restructuring measures forced by the state. The No Child Left Behind Act has many positive and negative aspects. Many school teachers and community members are starting to challenge many of the features of the No Child Left Behind Act. Many people feel that the law was developed too quickly and that it was pushed through Congress. For many years, both Democrats and Republicans h...

Overview Of Trocar Insertion Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

2.1 Introduction: This subdivision introduces the trocar interpolation process to the reader. The apprehension of the mechanics of this process is critical for in depth research into assorted parametric quantities involved in the interpolation procedure. There are chiefly two constituents involved in this process viz. trocar or cannula placed on top of patient and the implicit in unrecorded tissue. Due to peculiar nature of the interpolation procedure, chiefly two types of organic structure forces are applied on trocar organic structure i.e. interpolation force in longitudinal way and jumping torsion for incursion. This action can be thought to be similar to a drill being alternately rotated while perforating a stuff block. However, there are other boundary conditions and initial analysis parametric quantities introduced. 2.2 Description of the process: Minimally invasive surgical processs are frequently named based on the type of sing range used to see the country of the organic structure which is the operative site. For illustration, laparoscopic processs use a laparoscope to see the operative site and are performed in the inside of the venters through a little scratch. A gas such as CO2 is introduced in the tummy pit to set up pneumoperitoneum wherein the peritoneal pit is sufficiently inflated for the interpolation of trocars into the venters. Pneumoperitoneum is established through the usage of a usage insufflation acerate leaf, called a Veress acerate leaf, utilizing a spring-loaded obturator that slides over the crisp tip of the needle every bit shortly as the needle enters the peritoneal pit. This acerate leaf is inserted through the facia and through the peritoneum. The sawbones entirely depends on tactile feedback generated at the fingertips to find the proper arrangement of the acerate leaf. After set uping pneumoperitoneum, the following measure in laparoscopic surgery involves the interpolation of trocar/obturator assembly into the abdominal pit. Based on the type of surgery, there may be one or more trocar interpolations to entree the interior organic structure volume related to surgery. A simple conventional diagram for description of the process is given below Figure 1. Schematics of trocar interpolation process [ Ref Web [ 1 ] ] Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsYongMy DocumentsMy Pictures rocar rocar6.jpg Figure. Trocar being inserted into abdominal pit [ Ref 24 ] Above figures depict the assorted forces and torsions involved in a regular trocar interpolation operation. Trocar is held with one manus for proper arrangement of trocar on the abdominal part. The other manus is used for using torsion every bit good as for uni directional force application. The magnitude of applied force with regard to clip and figure of bends applied while tissue incursion are of import parametric quantities for imitating this process realistically. There are different methods for cannula interpolation: by puting a trocar under direct vision into the peritoneal pit ( Hasson technique ) [ Ref 22 ] or â€Å" blindly † with a bladed trocar with the venters desufflated direct puncture and direct puncture with visual image through an optical trocar. Alternatively, a needle system could be used to entree the peritoneum to at the same time insufflate the venters and present a sheath through which a blunt trocar could be placed [ Ref 23 ] . Harmonizing to the port a rrangement guidelines, there are by and large multiple interpolations of trocars into abdominal part in order to handily entree different surgical sites with coveted tools. Some tools are used for catching and review of the tissue while others are used for cutting or suturing intents. There is a cardinal scratch through which a camera is inserted into the abdominal pit in order to project the surgery being performed on a picture screen for ocular mention intents. The full process is carried out under general anaesthesia. 2.3 Description of trocars and design parametric quantities: There are a figure of types of trocars that are available for interpolation, depending on the application. Choice of trocars by and large depends on several factors such as the type of entree site, debut of tools of proper size at the site including stapling machines, cartridge holder applicants and retractors. Harmonizing to the rule of cutting, there are cutting trocars and distending trocars. Cuting trocars integrate some signifier of blade at the site of cutting while the dilating trocars try to press and distend the tissue without cutting it first [ Ref 4 ] . Earlier trocars integrated conelike or pyramidic terminals in order to consequence interpolation, while the newer version incorporates safety shields and blunter plastic blades. Trocars are available in both metal tip and plastic assortments. A hollow or solid conelike plastic tip is a preferable design. Newer version of trocars attempts to unite design characteristics of both cutting and blunt type trocars to cut down the opportunities of hurt and for less applied force demands [ Ref 4, 25 ] . Five different types of trocars were compared in a publication and perforations were performed on the porcine tissue. A figure of different parametric quantities such as defect size, interpolation force and removal force were measured under standardised clinical conditions for 12 mm entree trocars [ Ref 4 ] . The trocars used were shown in figure below which involve a individual blade cutting type trocar, a blunt and radically distending trocar, plastic blade which is really common, triangular cutting blade type and the most modern design i.e. intercrossed distending type trocar. Figure 12-mm entree systems used in the survey. ( A ) Single blade film editing ; ( B ) blunt-radial dilating ; ( C ) plastic blade ; ( D ) trigon blade film editing ; ( E ) hybrid distending [ Ref 4 ] Figure. a ) Pyramidal blade reusable B ) Pyramidal blade disposable trocar [ Ref 25 ] Figure. a ) Flat blade trocar B ) Non bladed trocar 1 degree Celsius ) Non bladed trocar 2 [ Ref 25 ] It was found that radially distending and intercrossed types are similar in footings of perforations while removal force was more or less similar in each instance [ Ref 4 ] . This survey nevertheless underlines that characteristics of cannula design i.e. ridges, togss and textures are responsible factors for minimising remotion forces. While new designs cut down the interpolation forces, they do n't lend towards drastically improved interpolation consequences over the traditional bladed trocar design [ Ref 4 ] . Besides it has been found that there are differences in defect sizes and lesion parametric quantities associated with trocar geometry and type [ Ref 25 ] . It is desirable that we cut down the affected country of the lesion and herniation of facia caused by the remotion of trocar at the site ; nevertheless it is difficult to document all the design factors impacting different lesion parametric quantities. A more matter-of-fact attack can be to prove the trocar on latest FEM p ackage for failure analysis of the environing tissue membrane and secret plan different emphasis affected zones next to the interpolation site. 2.4 Modeling of trocar interpolation process: The research work proposed in this thesis uses two different methodological analysiss to near the job of realistic mold of the trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction 2 ) Finite element mold of trocar interpolation process 1 ) Interactive Haptic simulator for patterning force feedback interaction: This process is a premier campaigner for practical world simulation based trainers for sawboness to derive valuable simulation experience before they pattern existent trocar interpolation on patients. There have been several efforts to develop a needle interpolation based simulator for sawbones preparation undertakings, the outstanding amongst them uses an synergistic user interface based system, which gives the expert sawbones, a freedom to tune different mechanical tissue parametric quantities in order to leave different kinaesthetic esthesiss to the user [ Ref 3 ] . It is really difficult to reproduce the exact tissue behaviour experienced during surgery in a feasible Haptic simulator. Hence this closed cringle method provides a benchmarking expression to set up tissue belongingss in a Haptic sense. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure gives an thought about the closed cringle schematic for minimally invasive surgery which is applicable to trocar interpolation process as good. However, trocar interpolation process in itself is non a surgical process but a precursor to the existent minimally invasive surgery process. As shown in above figure, the sawbones has a limited position of the surgical site and force, place, speed and torsion are the active applied inputs on trocar, which are so transmitted bit by bit to patient abdominal tissue. During the full process, the sawbones receives distorted kinaesthetic feedback. The feedback is discontinuous since every bit shortly as equilibrium between applied and reaction force is established momently, there is no feedback force. The opposition to incursion is chiefly determined by the implicit in local tissue belongingss and trocar geometry and stuffs used. Figure. Block diagram exemplifying Virtual world preparation with force feedback for minimally invasive surgery [ Ref 26 ] Above figure illustrates the closed cringle system integrating a Haptic based practical world preparation simulator which involves a practical instrument interface. The interface transmits applied force, place, and speed and torsion vector information many times every 2nd to tactile environment underlying the simulator to calculate the hit sensing with practical tissue and update the force feedback vector. Trainee sawbones feels the fake force feedback through the practical instrument interface which uses commercially available tactile devices such as Phantom Omni or usage built Haptic devices. Simulated ocular feedback is provided through either 2 dimensional show on computing machine proctors or two-channel vision [ Ref 26 ] . One of the jobs faced while constructing a trocar interpolation simulator, is imitating proper tissue behaviour at the point of braking through tissue beds, i.e. the feeling of sudden giving off of the tissue when trocar brakes through the rectus abdominis part. For the finding of proper force profile for this simulator, a through literature reappraisal was carried out to garner informations about assorted tissue parametric quantities, braking force values for different tissue beds and existent secret plans of force profile informations, found in old documents. We have determined that, there are two attacks for obtaining the force profile – plotting of the reaction force experienced by sawboness with regard to clip and with regard to distortion distance. Rendering process utilizing tactile devices has been explored antecedently in a figure of surgery simulations. There are assorted attacks to turn to the job of visio tactile simulation of deformable objects based on spring mass based systems. There are many finite component based fluctuations for spring mass based simulations such as finite component method ( FEM ) [ Ref 27 ] and boundary component method ( BEM ) [ Ref 28 ] . Current research job nevertheless offers a alone challenge since it involves tissue distortion simulation and in writing rendition of tissue cutting during the procedure of trocar interpolation. For the simplification of our research job, during the first stage we concentrated our attending on tissue distortion and non on tissue cutting simulation since it ‘s a separate research job. Trocar interpolation chiefly involves tissue distortion, opposition force to weave distortion, braking force and frictional opposition to torquing gesture [ Ref 2, Ref 5 ] . T here is no literature available on torque measuring and word picture of tactile belongingss for opposition to rotatory gesture of trocar. The literature that is straight related with this topic is slightly obscure in nature such as the torsion measuring and word picture while managing of machine tools and rotary motion of prison guard driver [ Ref ] . Another research paper which is more relevant trades with measuring of torque interactions while managing laparoscopic tools [ Ref 29 ] . Hence we needed to trust on ergonomic mentions for approximative calculation of torque feedback magnitude and nature of torque interaction. For simplifying the tactile theoretical account, it is proposed that there are two primary mechanisms or provinces for grip force and torque interaction of trocar with regard to abdominal tissue. These two provinces are described in the figures below. In these figures, the transverse plane in which trocar geometry resides is termed as cutaneal plane and the angle between this plane and y-axis is termed as I ± , the angle between omega axis and cutaneal plane is termed as I? ( tilt ) and the rotary motion of the trocar around the trocar axis is defined in footings of angle I? ( tortuosity ) . 1. Mechanism for first province: First phase consists of gradual addition in distortion forces in a way analogue to the axis of trocar. As applied force additions, the reaction force reaches a maximal threshold value called braking force after which, trocar interruptions through facia and so through the peritoneum. There is by and large really small clip slowdown between these two incursion phases therefore, it is difficult to separate between the centripetal feeling for these extremums. Please refer to calculate below. We see that there is a gradual addition in applied force ( on applied force V clip graph ) after which there is a plateau part when farther really small addition in force causes the applied force to transcend the braking force value. Depending on local tissue belongingss, there can be several extremums after the first tableland part is reached, and so sudden lessening in force is experienced. This generalised nature of the force profile is verified through several mentions. If we observe the force pr ofile in Ref 6, we see that for 12 millimeter bladeless trocar, the extremum force value reached is about 70 N, while for 5 millimeter bladeless trocar, the recorded extremum force value is about 35.84 N [ Ref 6 ] . However, this research work was carried out utilizing unreal tissue under tenseness, without expert accomplishment. Another research paper that trades with existent extremum force measuring, on human tissue, utilizing piezoelectric detector mounted between sawbones ‘s manus and trocar, has produced a spike natured force profile [ Ref 1 ] . The maximal peak force recorded utilizing a detector in this instance is tantamount to 5 millimeter of HG force per unit area at the trocar reaching surface country [ Ref 1 ] . It is to be noted that the interpolation clip for trocar, in this instance is really short since the expert sawboness have right centripetal standardization which allows them to infix the trocar utilizing fewer figure of bends and with lesser force magnitu de [ Ref 2 ] . However, we observe that after extremum force value is reached, in all force profile instances, there is a sudden lessening in opposition force since the material failure standard is reached. 2. Mechanism for 2nd province: After tissue incursion, 2nd phase prevails during which trocar wall surface is in direct contact with environing penetrated tissue. It is difficult to depict the nature of destroyed tissue and the local coefficient of torsional every bit good as skiding clash. These forces are of import because, during the backdown stage, sawbones has to carefully abjure the trocar in such a manner that there is no injury to internal variety meats. The easiness with which trocar is withdrawn is a direct consequence of these forces and trocar geometry. The magnitudes and the nature of the force profile ( force V clip secret plans ) are discussed in following few subdivisions. Figure. Four grades of freedom of trocar while interpolation, applied and reaction forces during tissue distortion province Figure. Frictional peripheral force along the walls and Torsional frictional twosome at the fringe, after tissue incursion 2.5 Force and torque parametric quantities: Force Data Different techniques are available to obtain realistic mean extremum entry force informations plotted against clip or distortion. One of the direct techniques involve, mounting a force or force per unit area detector on existent trocar while the process of minimally invasive surgery is carried out. Another technique involves measuring of incursion force based on porcine tissue incursion utilizing a research lab device. However there are a figure of variables involved and it is really difficult to set up a aureate criterion or a scope of values for a peculiar instance. Body aggregate index of the patient, age, degree of exercising are some of the factors that affect the force profile informations. One of the documents reported utilizing existent piezoelectric transducer fond regard mounted between trocar surface and sawbones ‘s manus to obtain specific force profile informations for each patient with regard to clip [ Ref 6 ] ; nevertheless upon observation of the force profile, we see that the force profile informations does n't give us an thought about gradual addition in trocar force opposition. This force profile represents a spike in footings of reaction force experienced, which is unequal to imitate a complete trocar interpolation, since it does n't enter gradual alterations in force profile happening merely before incursion. However, the magnitude of braking force for each instance is noted down and we can utilize this statistical information to construct a simulator which allows for different braking force values based on correlativity between patient ‘s age and average extremum entry force [ Ref 6 ] . A old experiment to mensurate the entry force utilizing laboratory experiment uses a mechano chemical examiner which tests the incursion of a stretched alternate tissue, to plot a force versus incursion distance informations. This trial uses changeless velocity of incursion for the trocar and does n't pay attending to application of torsion while infixing trocar, as in existent process [ Ref 5 ] . Another paper related to old work, for imitating trocar interpolation uses a parametric theoretical account to imitate three separate parts for a force profile informations utilizing multinomial fit [ Ref 1 ] . We found that this attack is really utile for readily incorporating a given force profile into tactile simulator, for experimentation intents. However the usage of any such force profile is arbitrary, till it has been verified by adept sawboness to be as close an experience to the existent undertaking of trocar interpolation. Table I clip in s Force in N clip in s Force in N 0 0 1.25 20 0.2 8 1.4 30 0.5 7 1.5 35 0.7 5 1.6 40 1 10.1 1.7 50 Time in seconds Force in N Force in N Time in seconds Figure ( a ) Rough secret plan of Force profile [ Ref 1 ] , ( B ) Force profile after re-parameterization and curve adjustment Figure ( a ) Typical spike force profiles obtained from 5mm and 10 millimeter diameter trocar interpolations [ Ref 6 ] Another important research work performed utilizing instrumented trocar systems against 20 swine theoretical accounts was reported in one of the recent documents by Paserotti et Al. [ Ref 29 ] . The full experimental process was repeated for two bladed non retractile trocars and four bladed retractile trocars. Table II [ Ref 29 ] Fd, entire thrust force ( Newton ) ; Ff, force needed to travel through facia ( Newtons ) ; Fp, force needed to travel through peritoneal liner ( Newtons ) ; Fl, loss of drive force after come ining the peritoneum ( Newtons ) ; Ld, the sum of tissue distortion ( centimeter ) ; Lt, the length of trocar exposed in the venters after the peritoneum retracts ( centimeter ) ; NA ; non applicable ; Td, clip to drive the trocar into the venters ( sec ) ; Tr, continuance of blade exposed unprotected ( sec ) [ Ref 29 ] The characteristic nature of force profile obtained in this research, confirms the fact that there are multiple extremums encountered during incursion for get the better ofing different tissue beds ( facia and peritoneum beds severally ) . After the braking force magnitude is reached, a sudden loss of opposition or giving off of the tissue is experienced which should be efficaciously simulated with the lowering of Haptic opposition during the simulation. Torque Data: Measurement of torsion informations for trocar interpolation procedure, is a complex undertaking since interpolation normally involves 2 to 5 bends in clockwise and anticlockwise waies [ Ref 2 ] . The clasp features and the mode in which torsion is applied is non unvarying for all the instances, besides some sawboness use small to no torquing when it comes to interpolation. Hence, we have to trust on informations from old research work in order to acquire an thought about the torsion magnitude. There are other ergonomic mentions from which we can mention to the industrial class torquing attempts in assorted types of clasps such as power clasp, cardinal pinch and tip pinch clasps etc. There are two major classs of clasps viz. prehensile and non prehensile clasp [ Ref 31 ] . The clasp used for catching trocar organic structure is a prehensile type of clasp ( specifically cylindrical ) and based on the carpus rotary motion and gripping force, variable sum of torsion can be transmitted a t the interpolation point. For the screwdriver interpolation gesture which is about tantamount to the trocar interpolation gesture in some ways, the maximal torsion that can be exerted is about 5 Nm for a feed force of about 60 N [ Ref 30 ] . However a more dependable projection for torque measuring is found in another mention [ Ref 31 ] , for both instrument to organ interaction during laparoscopic surgery and trocar abdominal wall interaction during interpolation procedure. There are a scope values that have been documented in this mention, which suggest that rotational gesture in the clasp produces approximately 0 to 0.7 Nm of torsion at the interface. Besides, the frictional force opposing the rotary motion is found to be about 3 N in magnitude at the interface. A major guideline for design of Haptic simulator is stated in this mention that Haptic esthesis is greatest at the low value of translational or interpolation speed and at the smallest angles of tilt I? [ Ref 31 ] .