Costs and benefits of free speech and press -- American Constitution U

Freedom of speech and press, or freedom of reflectivity, are fundamental reclaims. Without these freedoms a truly free society can non exist. By definition, they allow the citizens to communicate their ideas both verbally and in print. There are many advantages, as well as disadvantages, that an individual receives these rights. However, as with most extreme freedoms, free of expression can be limited under certain circumstances. The First Amendment in the United States Constitution states ?Congress shall make no practice of law?abridging the freedom of speech, or the press?? According to the Framers, the freedom to express individual views is vital to a free government and from their soulal experience the freedom to indite and publish also needs to be sheltered from government intervention. Every state constitution contains securities of free expression similar to the U.S. Constitution. An extra safeguard for the individuals right to free expression is stated in Section 1 of t he 14th Amendment ?No State shall make or enforce any law which shall withhold the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.? By incorporation of the 14th Amendment, the rewards of the 1st Amendment not only include protection from the federal government, but state governments.Free expression sponsors development of individuals by allowing people to have their own opinions and is also inseparable in shaping governmental policy. Also, by permitting citizens to influence public opinion by persuasion rather than violence, free expression allows for peaceful social change. For example, in the 1950s and 60s the civil rights movement peaceably brought ... ... at issue.Freedom of speech not only protects the right to speak out, but the right not to speak. This includes when a person is first arrested and their right not to speak is kept by Miranda Rights. In the Fifth Amen dment, a person has the right to keep silent in court if they will incriminate themselves. Still, if a judge grants immunity testifying is mandatory but nothing said will be used against you.Free expression protects us from the government. Obviously the benefits outweigh the costs, but, the negative aspects are remedied through limitations on free expression so as not to interfere with a person?s life, liberty, and property. The right not to speak is protected through various Amendments in the Constitution most noticeably Amendment 1. It is through these guidelines that free expression has buzz off fundamental law and establishes a truly free society.

Raves :: essays research papers

rabbit ons Imagine you ar in your room and its some 100 in the morning. Its pitch gloomy outside and youve been lost for hours. theres nothing good on the radio. Youre dying of thirst and youre drenched with sweat. Youre just about to turn around and open your window for some fresh air and you hear it. The bass is in sync with your heartbeat and the lights are flashing everywhere. So you follow this symphony and you arrive at your destination A rave. It is the vibe that is so cat valiumly talked about indoors this culture. The dictionary defines "Rave" as to blab out in madness or frenzy to hypothecate wildly to rave nonsense, which makes you wonder why raves were ever called raves to begin with. Raves consist of about 300-6,000 kids aged to about 17-25. A big empty wear house, lights, a fog machine and a DJ. Every single rave has 1 type of music techno with a lot of base. Its electronically created with a very fast-pace. Techno music has its origins in gay dance c lubs. Hip-hop also has had a big impact on techno music. Rave dancing ranges from being highly choreographed and stylistic all the way to thrusting your body back and forth. Ravers say they lose themselves to the beat and become one with the music by letting the music control their movements. Someone once said Techno was made not only to be played, but to be listened to loudwe are called not to listen, but to feel. How do you know when the rave is and where? Well flyers are put up. A flyer isnt going to straight out say RAVE you have to look for the secret messages only Ravers know. They do this to avoid the mainstream. A rave poster can be spotted by noticing that within the words that are on the poster, every E, X, and K, are capitalized. There are certain colors that the flyers will have on them. A lot of quantify there will be a cartoon character on it, or smiley faces and aliens. Now, I could do a whole paper on fashion. There are four classes of people grouped by what they we ar not how much money you have or what kind of car you drive. The most common class is the Candy Ravers they are always female and have short hair thats usually in barrettes or pigtails.

Newspaper and Online Media -- Communication, News, Technology

Newspaper and online media have both done a good job to spread news story to readers. Newspaper as a traditional media is accept by most the great unwashed for a long age. plainly as the technology is growing up, online media become a contender of composition. Hall (2001, p.2) state that there argon 200 million people using the web regularly and the web page is around 800 million. Nowadays, the web users atomic number 18 still growing up very fast. But the newsprint still playing a important role in news area. These two major(ip) news media become a part of peoples life. Both of them have advantage and disadvantage. Newspaper had developed for a long time, and web technology is new. But they are all produce information to audiences as soon as possible. For many years, newspaper is the most easy media for audience to get news. Cole and Harcup (2010, p.4) believe that newspaper is easy to take and read it in anyplace your want. It is fast and cheap for audience. That is why many p eople like newspaper in the past. But as the online media grow up these year. People can get free news on the website and the web news is much fast than newspaper. It offer people another(prenominal) convenience way to get news. In a multi-media world, the rates of those people reading newspaper is tone ending down. Cole and Harcup (2010, p.7) state that newspaper is not going to died but the adult population of reading newspaper is going down from 77% to 50% from 1983 to 2006. And just 30% people hypothesize newspaper is touristed in 2006. It is a huge challenge to newspaper after online news appeared. The newspaper and online media both use picture and language to tell reader story. But newspaper have a limited of picture and words. They could not use too many pages to show details. Website can add more pictures t... ...ine media both winning an important role in spread news nowadays. The advantage of newspaper is get readers attentions and make them have a great impression. The language and representation of newspaper will be much more profession and particularity. The limitation of newspaper is the space and time is not wide. They have to finish work on time and could not add information after finished it. And the disadvantage of newspaper is the advantage of online media. Website can edit anytime and provided as mush information as they wanted. Unfortunately, people have more choices on Internet means online media lost them quickly. Both newspaper and online media have their own characteristic. They need to learn from each other and think about how to catch audience and keep them. Change the disadvantage and get benefit from advantage will help each other develop in the future.

Ethics: The Foundation of Good Business Essay -- Business Ethics

According to the Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia air moral philosophy is the moral principles defining how commercial enterprisees and business professionals should act toward each other, employees, and the public. Some professions much(prenominal) as lawfulness and medicine clearly have defined codes of professional ethics. In other areas appropriate behavior has been established over time by practice. cable ethics involves the role of a company in our society. Complex and contentious areas of business ethics would include the effect a petrochemical companys actions have on the environment or the obligation of a pharmaceutical company to make its drugs available to developing countries. As lobbyists and pressure groups become more powerful, companies are cosmos forced to lucre greater attention to corporate responsibility and business ethics (Business, 2009).Human Resources IssuesA companys military personnel resources is its most worthy and expensive enthronization tha t can make or break a company in relation to its success. One major ethical issue face by the human resources department is discrimination. Unfortunately, discrimination is alive and well in our business environment today, which have a major affect on local anaesthetic communities and organizations. One look of discrimination I have either experienced or witnessed is the lack of respect and accomodation for egg-producing(prenominal) workers, especially in corporate America. In most cases, the female employees tend to have lesser salaries than men in the same position. Companies also do not cater to women with respect to childcare issues, and besotted mothers returning to the worforce afterward maternity leave. Another aspect of discrimination that is prelevant in todays business environment is the treatment of older employees, co... ...ears, without any precondition of the damge the software issues with their cars and trucks whitethorn cause to their customers safety. The company was accused of hiding this fact because a re-call would cost millions. ConclusionThere is necessity for companies today to practive excellent business ethics. Ethics is the induction of on which good relationships are developed, it encompasses who businesses deals with their partners or associates, customers, and employees.Works CitedBusiness Ethics. (2009). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Retrieved from http//www.credoreference.com/entry/heliconhe/business_ethicsTrevino L.K. & Nelson K.A. (2006) Managing business ethics. Straight smatter about how to do it right (4th ed) Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/classroom/ic/classroom.aspx Ethics The Foundation of Good Business Essay -- Business EthicsAccording to the Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia business ethics is the moral principles defining how businesses and business professionals should act toward each other, employees, and the public. Some professions such as law and medicine clearly have defined codes of professional ethics. In other areas appropriate behavior has been established over time by practice. Business ethics involves the role of a company in our society. Complex and contentious areas of business ethics would include the effect a petrochemical companys actions have on the environment or the obligation of a pharmaceutical company to make its drugs available to developing countries. As lobbyists and pressure groups become more powerful, companies are being forced to pay greater attention to corporate responsibility and business ethics (Business, 2009).Human Resources IssuesA companys human resources is its most valuable and expensive investment that can make or break a company in relation to its success. One major ethical issue faced by the human resources department is discrimination. Unfortunately, discrimination is alive and well in our business environment today, which have a major affec t on local communities and organizations. One aspect of discrimination I have either experienced or witnessed is the lack of respect and accomodation for female workers, especially in corporate America. In most cases, the female employees tend to have lesser salaries than men in the same position. Companies also do not cater to women with respect to childcare issues, and lactating mothers returning to the worforce after maternity leave. Another aspect of discrimination that is prelevant in todays business environment is the treatment of older employees, co... ...ears, without any consideration of the damge the software issues with their cars and trucks may cause to their customers safety. The company was accused of hiding this fact because a re-call would cost millions. ConclusionThere is necessity for companies today to practive excellent business ethics. Ethics is the foundation of on which good relationships are developed, it encompasses who businesses deals with their partners or associates, customers, and employees.Works CitedBusiness Ethics. (2009). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Retrieved from http//www.credoreference.com/entry/heliconhe/business_ethicsTrevino L.K. & Nelson K.A. (2006) Managing business ethics. Straight talk about how to do it right (4th ed) Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/classroom/ic/classroom.aspx

Management :: essays research papers

take of planning paperIn 2000, the Primeco piano tuner submerged, and emerged as Verizon radio set the need for speed was gaining momentum. Verizon Wireless Online DSL, digital subscribers line, is the number one telecom industry appearing in the FORTUNE Magazine it has listed as the most Admired Company. hay Group Fortune Magazine. The founder of Verizon Company is Darby Checketts he was a man with a vision. This fast speed company under the CEO, Chairman, leadership of Ivan Seidenberg, has grown into an earnings king. There are over 208,000 employees at the Verizon Online DSL Wireless Company, with an upward of $13 billion dollars a year in technology, it has 2.7 million shareowners and services billions of customers in communities all over America and the World. At least a 100 million people are connected by Verizon network everyday, whether at home, at work or on the go. Women Warriors has discovered in their inquiry the highlights, accomplishments, and opportunities of V erizon to improve their customers lives in six areas that make up Verizon approach to corporate responsibility value-system and GovernanceService and InnovationEmpowering EmployeesPromoting Communitys returnProtecting the EnvironmentPartnering with CommunitiesStrengths & Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are essentially internal to the organization and relate to matters concerning resources, programs, and organization in key areas. Strengths & Weaknesses are internal to the business and Opportunities & Threats are external.Verizon communication theory Inc is one of the worlds leading providers of communications services. With a diverse work force of more than 208,000, Verizon has quadruplet business units. Domestic Telecom serves customers based in 29 states with wireline telecommunications services, including broadband, nationwide long-distance and other services.Verizon Wireless owns and operates the nations most reli adequate wireless network, serving 42.1 million voice and data customers across the United States.Information operate operates directory-publishing businesses and provides electronic commerce services.International includes wire line and wireless operations and investments, primarily in the Americas and Europe. strategical Planning ProcessStrategy is define as the continuous, iterative planning process, which focuses onKeeping an organization competitive in its environment (Miller & Dess, 1997). Strategic planning is complex, laborious, and sequence consuming. Accordingly, anorganization must allocate resources and time to the strategic planning process. (StrengthsVerizon strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be use as a alkali for a competitive advantage. Verizon business strategy is to archive a sustainable competitive advantage such as.Cost advantage Differentiation advantageVerizon is able to deliver the same benefits as the other communication companies, just a lower cost, (cost advantage) or deliver benefits that exceed the competing products (differentiation advantage).Management essays research papers Level of planning paperIn 2000, the Primeco Wireless submerged, and emerged as Verizon Wireless the need for speed was gaining momentum. Verizon Wireless Online DSL, digital subscribers line, is the number one telecommunication industry appearing in the FORTUNE Magazine it has listed as the most Admired Company. Hay Group Fortune Magazine. The founder of Verizon Company is Darby Checketts he was a man with a vision. This fast speed company under the CEO, Chairman, leadership of Ivan Seidenberg, has grown into an internet king. There are over 208,000 employees at the Verizon Online DSL Wireless Company, with an upward of $13 billion dollars a year in technology, it has 2.7 million shareowners and services billions of customers in communities all over America and the World. At least a 100 million people are connected by Verizon network everyday, whether at home, at work or on the go. Women W arriors has discovered in their research the highlights, accomplishments, and opportunities of Verizon to improve their customers lives in six areas that make up Verizon approach to corporate responsibilityEthic and GovernanceService and InnovationEmpowering EmployeesPromoting Communitys GrowthProtecting the EnvironmentPartnering with CommunitiesStrengths & Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are essentially internal to the organization and relate to matters concerning resources, programs, and organization in key areas. Strengths & Weaknesses are internal to the business and Opportunities & Threats are external.Verizon Communications Inc is one of the worlds leading providers of communications services. With a diverse work force of more than 208,000, Verizon has four business units. Domestic Telecom serves customers based in 29 states with wireline telecommunications services, including broadband, nationwide long-distance and other services.Verizon Wireless owns and operates the nat ions most reliable wireless network, serving 42.1 million voice and data customers across the United States.Information Services operates directory-publishing businesses and provides electronic commerce services.International includes wire line and wireless operations and investments, primarily in the Americas and Europe.Strategic Planning ProcessStrategy is define as the continuous, iterative planning process, which focuses onKeeping an organization competitive in its environment (Miller & Dess, 1997). Strategic planning is complex, laborious, and time consuming. Accordingly, anorganization must allocate resources and time to the strategic planning process. (StrengthsVerizon strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be use as a basis for a competitive advantage. Verizon business strategy is to archive a sustainable competitive advantage such as.Cost advantage Differentiation advantageVerizon is able to deliver the same benefits as the other communication companies, but a lower cost, (cost advantage) or deliver benefits that exceed the competing products (differentiation advantage).

Management :: essays research papers

Level of readying paperIn 2000, the Primeco Wireless submerged, and emerged as Verizon Wireless the need for speed was gaining momentum. Verizon Wireless Online DSL, digital subscribers line, is the number unrivalled telecommunication effort appearing in the FORTUNE Magazine it has listed as the most Admired Company. Hay gathering Fortune Magazine. The founder of Verizon Company is Darby Checketts he was a populace with a vision. This fast speed company under the CEO, Chairman, leadership of Ivan Seidenberg, has grown into an internet king. on that point are over 208,000 employees at the Verizon Online DSL Wireless Company, with an up of $13 billion dollars a year in technology, it has 2.7 million shareowners and services billions of customers in communities solely over America and the World. At least a ampere-second million people are connected by Verizon net reverse everyday, whether at home, at work or on the go. Women Warriors has discovered in their research the highli ghts, accomplishments, and opportunities of Verizon to improve their customers lives in six areas that make up Verizon approach to corporate responsibilityEthic and authoritiesService and InnovationEmpowering EmployeesPromoting Communitys Growthprotect the EnvironmentPartnering with CommunitiesStrengths & Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are essentially internal to the organization and relate to matters concerning resources, programs, and organization in advert areas. Strengths & Weaknesses are internal to the blood and Opportunities & Threats are external.Verizon Communications Inc is one of the worlds leading providers of communications services. With a diverse work force of more than 208,000, Verizon has four business units. Domestic Telecom serves customers based in 29 states with wireline telecommunications services, including broadband, across the country long-distance and other services.Verizon Wireless owns and operates the nations most reliable wireless network, ser ving 42.1 million utterance and data customers across the United States.Information Services operates directory-publishing businesses and provides electronic commerce services.International includes wire line and wireless operations and investments, primarily in the Americas and Europe. strategicalal Planning ProcessStrategy is define as the continuous, repetitive proviso process, which focuses onKeeping an organization competitive in its environment (Miller & Dess, 1997). Strategic planning is complex, laborious, and time consuming. Accordingly, anorganization must allocate resources and time to the strategic planning process. (StrengthsVerizon strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be use as a basis for a competitive advantage. Verizon business strategy is to archive a sustainable competitive advantage such as.Cost advantage Differentiation advantageVerizon is able to contain the same benefits as the other communication companies, but a lower cost, (cost advant age) or deliver benefits that exceed the competing products (differentiation advantage).Management essays research papers Level of planning paperIn 2000, the Primeco Wireless submerged, and emerged as Verizon Wireless the need for speed was gaining momentum. Verizon Wireless Online DSL, digital subscribers line, is the number one telecommunication industry appearing in the FORTUNE Magazine it has listed as the most Admired Company. Hay Group Fortune Magazine. The founder of Verizon Company is Darby Checketts he was a man with a vision. This fast speed company under the CEO, Chairman, leadership of Ivan Seidenberg, has grown into an internet king. There are over 208,000 employees at the Verizon Online DSL Wireless Company, with an upward of $13 billion dollars a year in technology, it has 2.7 million shareowners and services billions of customers in communities all over America and the World. At least a 100 million people are connected by Verizon network everyday, whether at home, at work or on the go. Women Warriors has discovered in their research the highlights, accomplishments, and opportunities of Verizon to improve their customers lives in six areas that make up Verizon approach to corporate responsibilityEthic and GovernanceService and InnovationEmpowering EmployeesPromoting Communitys GrowthProtecting the EnvironmentPartnering with CommunitiesStrengths & Weaknesses Strengths and weaknesses are essentially internal to the organization and relate to matters concerning resources, programs, and organization in key areas. Strengths & Weaknesses are internal to the business and Opportunities & Threats are external.Verizon Communications Inc is one of the worlds leading providers of communications services. With a diverse work force of more than 208,000, Verizon has four business units. Domestic Telecom serves customers based in 29 states with wireline telecommunications services, including broadband, nationwide long-distance and other services.Verizon Wire less owns and operates the nations most reliable wireless network, serving 42.1 million voice and data customers across the United States.Information Services operates directory-publishing businesses and provides electronic commerce services.International includes wire line and wireless operations and investments, primarily in the Americas and Europe.Strategic Planning ProcessStrategy is define as the continuous, iterative planning process, which focuses onKeeping an organization competitive in its environment (Miller & Dess, 1997). Strategic planning is complex, laborious, and time consuming. Accordingly, anorganization must allocate resources and time to the strategic planning process. (StrengthsVerizon strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be use as a basis for a competitive advantage. Verizon business strategy is to archive a sustainable competitive advantage such as.Cost advantage Differentiation advantageVerizon is able to deliver the same benefits as the other communication companies, but a lower cost, (cost advantage) or deliver benefits that exceed the competing products (differentiation advantage).

Commentary on Women Beware Women Essay

Beware Wo workforce is a Jacobean tragedy, which has a complex plot and deals with loaded characters. This tragedy is about corruption in the court and life in general, love by money and how women can lead other women to destruction. As Tricomi states about the characters, they are not wholly the product of their circumstances, but their circumstances condition their choices and propel them toward their destiny.Middleton, as other Jacobean playwrights before him, has managed to point out that aristocratic life is brutal and corrupt. 2 The focus of this commentary leave be concentrated on marriage and to what can lead one to f every last(predicate) apart. The first scene (Act I), deals with the characters of the plays main plot Leantio, Bianca and the get. In this scene, the readers come across with the insulting behaviour towards Bianca, where she is treated as an object. Leantio speaks of his wife with words of business, to him she is the most un observedst purchase.He describes her as if she was a dangerous object that must stay hidden and safe, away from the sight of men.When he talks about her, it is obvious that Bianca is for him a nurse and he is the thief that now has to hide his best piece of theft (I. ii) in a safe place so no one will appropriate it from him. Such words describing a human being are rather cruel, especially when Leantio is talking about a person for whom he is supposed to arouse true and pure feelings of love. Leantio is aware that Biancas family is rich, but he also knows that by marrying Bianca in secrecy and taking her away from them, Bianca will lose all of the property and money that belongs to her. He has also written over to her his house and put his mother in jeopardy.Although his act seems a romantic one and, scour though he speaks of that relationship and feelings as being pure, his love is not mature rather, it is one filled with jealousy. In the beginning of the play Bianca could be characterised as the victim becau se she has a mother-in-law who is not fond of her and does not approve their marriage and she is now imprisoned in poverty and in home. However, Bianca is as much a victim as perpetrator, and she is to be judged as a tragic protagonist with a vexing mix of virtues and flaws. 3 As seen in the plot, the Mother aids and abets in Biancas meeting with the Duke.The Mother and Livia hatched up a plan for Biancas rape and she falls into the trap, as Isabella did, but the rape was almost enticed on her part. The attitude towards Bianca is one of dehumanizing possession and manipulation. 4 But Bianca, after that, changes drastically and soon enough she becomes one of the most corrupted characters, who along with others, brings about the downslope and the final bloodshed in the play. Bianca chose money over her marriage, although, she blames the other women for her disaster. Treachery and betrayal are Biancas terms of explanation for her downfall. 5Bianca is seen by her mother-in-law as an added burden to her sons finances. The Mothers interest is focused moreover on money. For the Mother, Bianca as a wife has nothing to offer, she will only demand and receive. The Mother is sizing up the economics of their situation now that there are three members in the family. Leantio can barely support himself, and up until now he had to support his mother as well.The Mother doubts that her son is able to support a family of three. She claims that nothing can save him from this financial of a sudden end by saying My life can give you But little helps, and my death lesser hopes (I. i). The Mother thinks of Bianca, as for every other wife, that she will require from Leantio maintenance (I. ii) fitting to her birth and virtues (I. ii), but also gratification of her desire for affections, wills, and humours (I. ii). 6 Leantio then expresses his intentions towards Bianca, by replying to his mothers words, pleading with her not to get a line her to rebel (I. ii) now that shes in a g ood way to obedience (I. ii). Leantios assurance (I. ii), of keeping his jewel (I. ii) locked away from all mens eyes (I. ii), is his mother.She is the one who holds the key (I. i) to his treasure (I. ii), and old mothers (I. ii) are good to look to keys (I. ii) when sons lock chests (I. ii). However, the irony here is that later on, its the Mother herself who pushes Bianca towards rape with the Duke, first to get rid of her, but then to accrue some of the benefits from the court life for herself and her son. Bianca is to Leantio nothing but an object of great value (I. ii), a matchless jewel (I. ii) that he has stolen. Because temptation is a devil will not stick to fasten upon a saint (I. ii), Leantios stone (I. ii) must stay hidden and locked. This is the great policy (I. i) for Leantio in order to never lose a treasure never show thieves our wealth (I. ii).Bianca is the treasure (I. ii), Leantio is the thief (I. ii), and the key (I. ii) to his happiness holds his mother, thus, it could be said that the chest with the key is symbolic of Leantio and Biancas relationship. To conclude, this tragedy proves that women should beware women. Women lead other women to destruction, and are rase responsible for another womans rape. Corruption and enemies are present everywhere but, as Bianca says in her dying breath, Like our own sex, we have no enemy.

Project management success factors Essay

Ho victimisation is the full of life issue in global urbanization which demand a trem endous impact on the surroundings both during verbal expression and through emerge their. As the key element in urban ontogeny, caparison plays a rattling role in attaining the destination of sustainable outgrowth. Effective of intent care is becoming increasingly serious for sustainable lodgment to remain competitive in todays energising business environment. This paper attempt to establish a theoretical example for externalise way victory factors in sustainable ho utilise developing.Review on past literature on the subject were carried out to build the existing research works on the bea and to establish circumstantial succeeder factors of have focal point opera hat practices. At the end of this paper, a new firmament of managing sustainable housing for future direction of this research was identified. A list of critical triumph factors for project attention practic es for sustainable housing development was established.Keywords sustainable Housing, Sustainable Development ejection Management, searing Success Factors.1.0 INTRODUCTIONHousing, as mankind basic need, is a very important issue of peoples everyday life. In 1948, the United Nations, in its Universal Declaration of Human Rights, give tongue to that everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the wellness and well-being of himself and of his family including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services . Housing cookery is one of the major ch wholeenges facing exploitation countries. Under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1999-2000) and Eight Malaysia Plan (2001-2005), Malaysian g overnments are committed to set up adequate, affordable and caliber housing for allMalaysian, particularly the low income group. This is in line with Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlement and Habitat Agenda (1996) to ensure adequate protective cover for all.In or der to be sustainable, housing initiatives must be economically viable, socially acceptable, technically feasible and environmentally compatible (Choguill, 2007). In the other hand, housing encompasses the immediate environment, sanitation, drainage, recreational facilities, and all other economic and social activities that make life worthwhile (Olejado, 2003).The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) report, Our normal Future has led to a world-wide nonion of the concept of sustainable development (Meldon, 1998). However, it has been argued that the history of the concept of sustainability dirty dog be traced underpin to the terms stationery or steady state economy used by the nineteenth century political economist (European Environment agency, 1997). Today there are over ccc published definitions of sustainable development, the products of diverse world views and competing vested interests (Moles and Kelly, 2000). Fundamentally, sustainable development a ddresses three major areasI. People living today are entitled to justice and friction match rights II. environmental degeneration must be alleviated or eliminated and III. Future generations must not be impoverished as a result of rate of flow actions (Redclift,1987).Our commons Future explores how sustainable development is not a fixed state of harmony but rather a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as invest needs (Moles and Kelly, 2000). In other words, (WCED, 1987, 8) its defined as developmentwhich meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.The Commission not save observed that environmental problems need to be addressed, but also socials problem, such as inequity, property, non-prosperity and the violation of human rights, that are related to explosive population ontogeny and the enormous expansion of environmental harms caused by human activities. According to the Commission, solving these problems requires global economic growth whilst respecting ecological constraints (Klunder, 2004). Other studies, (Ding, 2008) defined sustainable development is as a concern of attitudes and judgment to help insure long-term ecological, social and economic growth in society.While the term of sustainable development is well known and widely used, there is no common understanding and approach for it. The perception of sustainability especially when it comes to what needs is regarded as important varies much by different nation and even different people with different points in time, economic, social and cultural backgrounds (Zinkernagel, 2001). The detail of what comprises sustainable development is very context specific and the same condition and practice cannot apply everywhere. Therefore, sustainability has its diverse implications in every corner of the world an d in every area of a society (Bell and Morse, 2003).For construction sector, the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (1990) explains sustainable as directed towards the reduction of the environmental and health impacts consequent to construction, expressions and the built environment. Such construction processes would clear environmental responsibility, social awareness, and economic profitability objectives to the fore in built environment related projects (Langston and Ding, 2001).There are various definitions of sustainable housing The European Union defined sustainable housing in the following perspective construction (e.g. Quality of construction), social and economic factors (e.g. Affordability and psychological impacts) and ecoefficiency (e.g. Efficient use of non-renewable resources) (VROM, 2005).Previously, IHBC (1998) definitionspresent the general factor of a sustainable housing practice that is applicable under various circumstances, depend ing on the conditions where its implemented (Larasati, 2006). Basically, all these definitions were carry out the idea of Principle 15 of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on The Human Environment Planning must be applied to human settlements and urbanization with a view to avoiding adverse effects on the environment and obtaining maximum social, economic and environmental benefits for all (UNEP, 1972).A sustainable house is cost-efficient over time, comfortable, cheap to maintain and complements our unique environment (Queensland Government, 2004). Sustainable Housing is a new concept in developing countries and unearthing projects covering all aspects of sustainability proved to be difficult (Ebsen, 2000). For housing that make up a great proportion of building, sustainable housing could be defined as housing practices, which strive for constitutional timber (including economic, social, and environmental mental process) in a broad way (John, Croome & Jeronimidis, 2005).The focus on sustainable housing implies a perspective of flows (Klunder, 2004). From this viewpoint, a sustainablehousing is characterized by the minimization of the environmental impacts of material use, energy consumption and water consumption during the whole service life of the building.2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENTMalaysia is a developing country heading towards industrialization. The growths of industries bid rapid housing expansion due to the high demand from the customer. A good housing area has to fulfill the health aspect from the building, drainage, clean water supply, domestic waste management and suitable ventilation. The type of housing and its social, economic and environmental performance is critically important to sustainable development. However, the lacks of practices of project advantage factors in housing development activities may often bring about water, air and land pollutions thus affecting the indwelling environment, health and quality oflife.These issue s are often raised today as problems of uncontrolled development of housing growth as concern for the environment is not considered. With this concern in mind, housing and other social services become priority in todays development programmes which aimed at improving the quality of life and contributing towards the formation of a caring society. However, the issue of sustainable housing are still new and not that familiar in our country. With referring back the house being built in the past decade, those houses were not meeting the essential criteria of sustainability and unfortunately, there are little to none in depth studies for this matter.Although the homes that wee may look good and be cheap to build, they are poor value if they weather poorly, have high energy and other running costs, are expensive to maintain and cannot adapt to changes in use. According to Maylor (1999) those organizations that are most resourceful in seeking out best practices and making those aspects wor k for them testament be the most happy.Although project management has proved its success in many construction projects, there is however some problems associated with the manner in which the governing body has been selected and/or implemented (Noum S. et al., 2004). Here, critical factors of successful project management were establish to develop a new area of managing sustainable housing for further studies of this research to ensure its potential for future sustainability.2.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONSBased on the problems stated above, two main questions are formed as below 1) What are the critical factors that are required for the successful implementation of sustainable housing practices?2) What are the critical factors project management best practices in sustainable housing development?2.2 OBJECTIVESThere are two objectives for this paper1) To identify factor that are required for the successful implementation ofsustainable housing practice.2) To establish the success factors tha t determines the best practices for project management in sustainable housing.3) To establish guideline for project management best practices for sustainable housing.3.0 FACTORS EFFECTING PROJECT SUCCESSNowadays, companies are increasingly using projects in their daily work to achieve company polishs. The only way organizations can be driven to achieve excellence is by keeping an ticker on competition and world best practice in all aspects of the business (Bendell et. all, 1998). Recently more and more organizations are recognizing that translating corporate strategies into actions requires project management. Consequently, it is vital that projects are successful (Baccarini, 2003). Critical success factors are important influences that contribute to project success. So, critical success factors are the set of circumstances, facts or influences which contribute to the project outcomes.According to Mobey and Parker (2002), to increase the chances of a project succeeding it is neces sary for the organisation to have an understanding of what are the success factors, to systematically and quantitatively assess these factors, anticipating executable causes and effects, and then choose appropriate methods of dealing with them. Once identified, the success of the project can be achieved.Generally, the success of a construction project depends on a number of factors, such as project complexity, contractual arrangements, and relationships between project participants, the competency of project managers, and the abilities of key project members (Chua et al., 1999). Bayliss, (2002) in his report said that successful project delivery requires the concerted effort of the project team to carry out the various project activities, but it is the project manager who, at the nubble of the project network, is responsible for orchestrating the whole construction process. Possessing the core project management competence would helpto define the ability of project managers to del iver good performance towards the attainment of project success.The search for factors that influence project success has been growing interest over the past decade. Among researchers that have tried to a certain finale to identify success factors for project management are Pinto and Slevin (1987,1989), Cooke-Davis (2002), Muller and Turner (2003), Belassi and Tukel (1996) and etc. Success factors are those input to the project management system that top out directly or indirectly to the success of the project or business.Belassi and Tukel, 1996, categorized success factors into four main group. These are factors relating to the project, project managers, organization, and external environment. Others researcher, Chan et al., 2002 identify a set of project success factors project team commitment, contractors competencies, risk and liability assessment, clients competencies, end-users needs and constraints imposed by end user.As referred to the ten critical success factors develop ed by Pinto and Slevin (1986), Pinto and Mantel (1990) suggest that these critical success factors were found to be generalisable to a wide modification of project types and organizations. Their model is one of the most widely quoted lists of critical success factors (Muller and Turner, 2007). However a single set of project success factors may not be suitable for all industries (Lim et al, 1999 Hartman et al, 1996). Liu and Walker 1998 suggest that as industries operate differently, a set of critical success factors may not be transportable from one project to another projectonly generic areas can be identified and used as broad guidelines.A comprehensive check out of the literature research on success factors of project management was conducted. evade 1 gives lists of the critical success factors developed in the various literatures. Several researchers have identified the factors that significantly determine project management success. Based on the frequency analysis, the cri tical success factors are prioritised as shown in Table 2.Table 1. Summary of literature reviews from various authors for project success AuthorsPinto &Critical Success FactorsBelassi Cooke-Baccarini Andersen Hyvari Turner &KhangSlevin&Davies(1999,et al.,Muller&(2002)2003)(2006)(2005,07)Moe(1987,89) Tukel(2006)(1996)(2008)Project arrestTop Management substantiateInformation/CommunicationClient InvolvementCompetent Project aggroupAuthority of the ProjectManager/Leader pragmatic Cost and TimeEstimates capable Project ControlPlanning/ControllingProject mission /commongoalProject Ownershipfeedbackor observational basis.Table 2 Prioritisation of CSFsCritical Success FactorsPrioritisedOccurrenceNo.Frequency ofRank1Competent Project Team812Authority of the Project Manager/Leader623Project Understanding534Top Management Support53Remark critical success factors that is determined by the authors either on a conceptualSr.Monitor performance and qualified ResourcesRisk ManagementProblem answer Abilities5Client Involvement536Project mission /common goal537Adequate Resources448Realistic Cost and Time Estimates449Information/Communication4410Project Ownership3511Monitor performance and feedback3512Planning/Controlling3513Risk Management3514Adequate Project Control2615Problem Solving Abilities26The frequency analysis in Tables 1 and 2 revealed that there are only one critical success factors in all frameworks in common which is competent project team. The analysis also showed that authority of the project manager/leader is prioritised in rank 2. The analysis further revealed that 5 out of the 8 frameworks have four critical success factors in common Project Understanding, Top Management Support, Client Involvement and Project relegation/common goal. The Adequate Resources, Realistic Cost and Time Estimates and information/Communication success factors have their presence in forth frameworks respectively.The other critical success factors (namely, Project ownership, Mo nitor performance and feedback, Planning/Controlling and Risk Management) are presented in very few frameworks (Table 1 and 2). Meanwhile, the other two factors were not normally found in the literature which is adequate projectcontrol and problem solving abilities.4.0 FACTORS OF PROJECT SUCCESS FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSINGThe subject of project management is vast and numerous authors continuously add to the body of literature on the subject. According to the Project Management Institute (2004), the discipline of project management can be defined as followsProject management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of image, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.Project management best practices may be described as best way of performing work to achieve high performance (Ramabadron et all., 1997). According to Dey (2002), current project m anagement practices of organizations in the industry sector do not always ensure success. The main problems with projects planning and implementation have been cost and time overruns and quality non-achievement. Dey (2002) stated that the main contributing factors are Expansion of the scope and subsequent quality increases of input resources Engineering and design changes Underestimation and incorrect estimation and Unforeseen inflation Project size and complexity and etc.Dey, (2002) illustrates projects management growing popularity has stimulated interest in how companies compare in their application of project management process, tools and techniques. Successful project management can contribute towards project success but is unlikely to be able to prevent project failure (de Wit, 1988).The various variables affecting the success factors are identified in the introductory section. There are Project Understanding, Top Management, Support Communication, Client Involvement, Compete nt Project Team, Authority of Top Level, Realistic Cost and Time Estimates, Adequate Project Control, Problem Solving Abilities, Risk Management, Adequate Resources, Planning/Controlling, Monitor performance and feedback, Project mission /Common goal, and Project Ownership. Furthermore, a new conceptual framework that includes the indentified variables of project success is shown in Fig. 1. Its show that variables project success can influence a variable of criteria measure sustainable housing.Figure 1 model of Project Management Success Factors in Sustainable Housing.Project ManagementSuccess FactorCriteria MeasuringSustainable HousingCompetent Project TeamAuthority of the ProjectManager/LeaderProject UnderstandingTop Management SupportClient InvolvementProject mission /common goalAdequate ResourcesRealistic Cost and TimeEstimatesInformation/CommunicationProject OwnershipMonitor performance andfeedbackPlanning/ControllingRisk ManagementAdequate Project ControlProblem Solving Abili ties Energy Efficiency Use of Materials Water Efficiency Disposal Site Issues Green Traffic Outdoor environment andIndoor environmentProject Management Success Factors in Sustainable Housing Economically are cost-efficient over the lifespan of the dwelling Environmental/Ecology are resource efficient in terms of materials, waste, water and energy Social/Community are safe, flexible and comfortable for people with change abilities* Critical success factor of project management were establish to come out the best practices in new area in Sustainable Housing.An lengthened literature survey on sustainable housing also has been carried out to select criteria measurement frameworks for this study. The relevant literature has revealed that different researchers have adopted standardized sustainability criterias framework that consider on three basic themes of the sustainable construction social, environmental, and economic. Below, there are a few literatures findings in term of crite ria of measuring sustainable housing1. Winston (2007) have carried out some important characteristics of sustainable housing include sustainable land-use planning resisting scattered settlements housing close to function and public transport higher residential densities sustainable construction high standards of energy efficiency in use of dwellings housing availability, affordabilityand quality access to gullible space, and a high quality residential environment. Many sustainable building indicator sets are derived from conceptual models (Winston and Pareja, 2008).2. Blaauw (1997), the following environmental theme are derived from a workbook for sustainable building and housing Energy, Use of Materials, Water, Disposal, Site, Green, Traffic, Outdoor environment and Indoor environment.3. Building Environmental Science & engine room (B.E.S.T), formulated residential green building guidelines Emphasize the reduce, recycle, re-use, renewable use energy, water and resource efficient ly healthy indoor air quality building has affordable community development creates a sense of well-being the home remains reasonably affordable and cost effective.4. (Bennett and James, 1999) Effective sustainability measurement should consider the complete triple bottom line of economic, environmental, and social performance which isa) Social Sustainability Healthy internal environmentSafety (personal, househ grizzly and environmental)Provision of social amenityProvision of recreation amenityAccessibility to jobs and creature comfortsb) Economic Sustainability Cost efficient over timeAdaptability with min. costAffordabilityJob creations and local economyc) Environmental Sustainability Energy efficiencyWater efficiency/ savingReduction of greenhouse gas emissionsWaste management / recyclingMaterial efficiencyPollution prevention noise, water, airOptimization & conservation of land nurse and enhance biodiversityReduction of car dependency5. Green Building Manual from the US Depart ment of Energy (DOE) & Public Technology, Inc. (PTI) include the following pointsSite Issues plectrum of building sites, landscaping, watershed, site materials and equipmentBuilding excogitate building systems (heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, electrical and plumbing systems) and indoor environmental quality verbal expression ProcessOperations & Maintenancepolitical economy & Environment energy and water efficiency, waste reduction, construction costs, building maintenance & management savings.For the purpose of this research, eight aspects of criteria sustainability that can be used to analyze sustainable housing , were derived from the six environmental themes that are distinguished The National Measures for Sustainable Building (Hendriks, 2001) Energy reducing the demand for energy, promoting the use of sustainable energy resources and using energy efficientlyMaterials more efficient use of materials, reducing waste and removing it responsiblyWater reducing water usage, preventing land drying up, and protecting water qualityIndoor Environment improving air quality, improving thermal comfort, and reducing noise levels.Surrounding Environment supporting bio-diversity, strengthening the perception of the environment (including maintaining old townscapes) and reducing nuisance (noise, wind, odor)Miscellaneous improving the flexibility of the home with regard to accommodating new functions and improving safetyIt is expected that study of project management best practices in the extent of project success could lead toward meeting criteria of sustainable housing. This approach in sustainable housing area will provide much needed information to local authorities to take more effective control of housing issues.5.0 CONCLUSIONThe implementation of success factors for project management in sustainable housing is important in other to ensure project success. Apparently, the sustainable housing is one ofthe major contributors to the development of any country. Unfortunately, in our country Malaysia, the issue of sustainable housing development is still new and not yet the proactive action had been taken to develop the housing sector in sustainable way. Thus, this research is proposed to identify success factors for project management in sustainable housing area. At the end of this paper, a new area of managing sustainable housing for future direction of this research will identified.A list of critical success factors from various authors for project management success for sustainable housing development in Malaysia was established. Further work is needed to explore in more detail which factors are important and to understand how the factors interact with all(prenominal) other in sustainable housing area.6.0 REFERENCESAndersen, E.S., Jessen, S.A. (2000), Project evaluation scheme, Project Management, Vol. 6 No.1, pp.61-9.Baccarini D. (2003), Critical Success Factors for Projects. Faculty of The strengthened Environment, Art and Design Cu rtin University of Technology, Australia.Belassi W, Tukel OI (1996), A new framework for determining critical success/failure factors in projects. International diary of Project Management. 14(3) 141-151. Bell, S and Morse, S (2003), Measuring Sustainability discipline from Doing. Earthscan London, UK.Bendell, T., Boulter, L. and Kelly, J. (1998), Benchmarking for Competitive Advantage, Pitman, London.Bennett M., James P. (1999). Sustainable Measures Evaluation and Reporting of Environmental and Social Performance. Greenleaf, Sheffield, UK. Blaauw, drs. F.J. (1997), Werkboek Duurzaam Bouwen en Wonen. Alphen aan de Rijn Samsam HD Tjeenk Willink bv.Building Environmental Science & Technology (B.E.S.T.). Green Buildinghttp//www.energybuilder.com/greenbld.htmtopChan, A.P.C., Scott, D. and Lam, E.W.M. (2002) Framework of Success Criteria for Design/Build Projects. Journal of Management in Engineering Vol. 18 (3), pp. 122128. Choguill, C. L. (2007), The search for policies to support su stainable housing. Habitat International, pp 143-149.Chua DKH, Kog YC, Loh PK (1999), Critical success factors for different project objectives. Journal of building Engineering and Management, pp. 142-150Cooke-Davis, T. (2002). The real success factors on projects,International Journal of Management, 20 (3), pp. 185-190de Wit, (1988), Measurement of project management success, International Journal of Project Management, Vol.6 (3), pp. 164-170.Dey, P.K. (2002), Benchmarking project management practices of Caribbean organizations using analytic hierarchy process, Benchmarking An International Journal, Vol.9 No.3, pp. 326-356.Ding, G.K.C (2008), Sustainable Construction-The role of environmental assessment tools. Journal of environmental management, 86, 451-464.Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and The Environment (1990), Nationaal milieubeleidsplan-plus notitie instrumentarium + duurzaam bauwen, Sdu. Den Haag. Ebsen C., Ramboll B. (2000). International Review Of Sustainabl e Low-Cost Housing Projects proceedings Strategies for a Sustainable Built Environment, Pretoria, 23-25 August 2000Green Building Manual from the US Department of Energy (DOE) & Public Technology, Inc. (PTI)HartmanF,AshrafiR.(1996).Failedsuccessesandfailures.PMIAnnualSeminar/Symposium, Boston, PD 35, 1-5,Hendriks, (2001). Sustainable Construction. Boxtel, The Netherlands AEnas technical publishers.John. G., Croome D.C and Jeronimidis G. (2005), Sustainable building solutions a review of lessons from the natural world. Building and Environment, 40(3) 317-326. Khang D.B and Moe T.L, (2008). Success Criteria and Factors for International Development Projects A Life Cycle-based Framework, Project Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 72-84.Klunder G. (2004), The Search for The Most Eco-efficient Strategies for Sustainable Construction Dutch lessons, Journal of Housing and The Built Environment pp 111126. Langston, C. A. & Ding, G. K. C. (2001) (Eds.), Sustainable practices in the bu ilt environment, Langston, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.Larasati D. (2006).Towards An Integral Approach Of Sustainable Housing In Indonesia With An Analysis Of certain Practices In Java. Delft University Of Technology The NetherlandsLim, C.S. and Mohamed, M.Z (1999), Criteria of project success an exploratory reexamination, International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 243-8. Liu, A.M.M. and Walker A. (1998), Evaluation of project outcomes. Construction Management and Economics Vol. 16 No.2, pp. 209-219.Malaysian Government (1999), Seventh Malaysia Plan, Percetakan Nasional Berhad, Kuala Lumpur.Malaysian Government (2001), Eight Malaysia Plan, Percetakan Nasional Berhad, Kuala LumpurMylor H. (1999), Project Management, 2nd ed. London Financial Times. Meldon, J. (1998), Learning Sustainability by Doing Regional Integration by the Social Partners, European Commission and the Department of Environment and Local Goverment, Dublin.Mobey A, Parker D (2002). Risk eval uation and its importance to project implementation. Int. J. productiveness and Performance Manage., 51(4) 202 208. Moles R. Kelly R., (2000), Towards Sustainable Development in The Mid-West Region of Ireland. Environmental Management and Health, Vol. 11 No.5 pp 422-432. Muller R, Turner JR (2003). On the nature of the project as a temporary organization. Int. J. Project Manage, 21(1) 1Muller R, Turner JR (2005). The project managers leadership style as a success factor on projects A literature review. Project Management Journal,36(2) 49 61 Muller R., Turner R. (2007), The influence of project managers on project success criteria and project success by type of project. European Management Journal Vol. 25 (4), pp. 298-307OECD. (1998) Towards Sustainable Development Environmental Indicators. OECD Code 971998031P1.Olejado, E.O. (2003), Implication of Designs and Material Specifications on Housing Development. Proceedings Housing Development in Nigeria Which Way Forward, Lagos State of Nigeria. 1st & 2nd April, 2003.Pinto JK, Slevin DP (1989). Critical success factors in R & D projects. Research Technology Management, 32(1) 31 36Pinto JK. (1986). Project Implementation A determination of its critical success factors, moderators, and their relative importance across the project life cycle (Doctorate dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1986).Pinto, J.K., Slevin, D.P. (1987), Critical factors in successful project implementation, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 34 No.1, pp.22-7. Pinto, J.K., Slevin, D.P. (1988), Project success definitions and measurement techniques, Project Management Journal, Vol. 19 No.1, pp.67-71.PMI (2004) campaign to the project management body of knowledge. (3rd edn.). Project Ramabadron, R., Dean, J.W. Jr and Evans, J.R (1997) Benchmarking and project management A review and organizational model, Benchmarking for Quality Management of Technology, vol. 4, pp. 47-58.Redclift, M. (1987), Sustainable Development Explor ing the Contradictions, Routlegde, London.VROM (Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the Environment) The Netherlands. 2005. Sustainable Refurbishment of High-Rise Residential Buildings and Restructuring of Surrounding Areas in Europe. Report for EuropeanHousing Ministers Conference held in Prague, Czech Republic, 14 -15 March 2005.Winston N., Pareja M., (2008). Sustainable Housing in the urban Context International Sustainable Development Indicator Sets and Housing, Social Indicators Research Vol. 87 Issue 2, p211-221World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford.Zinkernagel.R (2001), Indicators to measure sustainable development in urban residental areas. Thesis for the fulfillment of the Master of Science in Environmental Management and Policy. Lund University Lund, Sweden.

Regency Grand Hotel Bangkok

In the earner set-up. He employees were expected to follow the orders of their passenger cars without sceptical them. Initiatives to solve problems at personal level were discouraged and it led to lack of innovation and risk-averse behavior. Eventually, the hotel staff got accustomed to the style of management over the past fifteen years, and it made the work go smoothly with minimal number of conflicts. The practice reduced the bureaucratic governance that was embedded in the past management.The employees were now competent to get involved In decision mould, creature, and innovation. Interaction with top management was similarly encouraged. Backers policy however did non improve the mathematical process of the organization, he played out a great deal of time solving employee problems, there was an increase in the number of complaints by nodes and an increase in mis military tax returns made by the employees. The action of the organization therefore deteriorated. However, the recent sale of the hotel to a advanced Ameri crumb group Introduced an altogether new style of administration to the employees.The management style of the new GM was entirely opposite to what the staff was familiar to, and it caused problems bringing the hotels performance and reputation down the drain. Symptoms & Causes of Deterioration of Performance Symptoms & Causes of Deterioration of Performance, Cultural factors, Communication factors, mental faculty performance 1 . Personality and organizational fit 2. job design and determination ambiguity 3. Espoused and enacted values Power hierarchy & decision reservation process 4. Stress 5. Absenteeism, 6. High staff turnover and 7. line of descent satisfaction Major Issues In the case Major issues in the case Organizational change inadequately managed. The differences in the newly merged workforce with dissimilar profiles had not been addressed. Following this, Becker did not employ a communication strategy that supported the dissimilarity betwixt management and employees and their different cultures. I en unclear calicles making process Ana power annularly. miss AT proper analysis of the chances of success of the strategy of empowerment. Lack of proper coordination within the management team, when trying to implement the empowerment strategy.The Hotel also faced the challenge of social emotional conflicts among employees. Contingencies of power such as bug of power were not clearly outlined. These issues resulted in high levels of stress, absenteeism and remover. An overview of the problems occurred Junior and senior managers feel losing power because of the practice of empowerment. Most of the managers waste time on dealings with minor issues. The general manager John Becker is sick of giving minor decision instructions to his subordinates.Motivation Motivation Motivation is a fundamental aspect of up(a) the quality of performance of the work force. The Regency Hotel management aimed at develo ping motivation among employees. However the employees were not motivated. Increased frustration, stress, Job dissatisfaction and high turnover were some of the factors that remote employees. Encouraging innovativeness and creativity among employees is an essential component of a successful organization. The free environment provided by the organization was not effectively utilized by the employees.The performance of the organization depreciated as a result. Motivated staff Improved performance of organization Empowerment Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic power of the individuals. It often involves the empowerment developing confidence in their capacities. In some situations empowerment could motivate employees. The problem n the hotel is the measurement of a major or a minor issue. There is not a definition or standard reconciles what a major issue is. Actually employee needs to know what he/ she can touch and what he/she cannot.Confli ct comes when the management disagrees with the employees view. For example, a guest goes to the front- forebode people and asks for a room upgrade. The front-counter boy thinks he could do that without approval from his superiority the front-counter manager may think it is a big issue because it would affect the profit of the business. What the front-counter boy has done may annoy the front-counter manager. Issues Consequences After Empowerment Empowerment can be described as People having the skills and the self-belief to proactively deal with issues and make the most of the opportunities available to them. UT soon after the execution of empowerment Becker realism that things atomic number 18 not going according to his expectation because staff of regency grant dont know what is empowerment? Because they use to work as per their manager order in the introductory management they are not allowed to innovate & generate anything new ,Ana were Electorates Day teen sensor managers An a rater all tens teen note want o take risk and get punished by the management but general manger back in America was working in a charge environment where staff has a power of decision making & can take minor decision on their own . Classically its a ethnical difference between management and staff, where people+ from Thailand believe in team work and management is from America who believes in individuality they believe that they can do anything unaccompanied which was the first issue. Outcomes Of The Failure Of Empowerment Due to failure of empowerment hotel regency grand was losing its profit, clients and tutus in Bangkok as well as its intangible assets standardized market value and quality standards began to decline.Becker thought that empowerment will help his hotel to earn more profit and guest satisfaction but his strategies backfired on the hotel reputation, resulting in the decline of the overall Performance of the hotel. It was for the first time that there were an incr ease in number of guest complaints both verbally and in written. Guest started complain about the services provided to them and above all disgrace in the news paper as one of the Saiss nightmare hotel. Criticism about service standards of the hotel, Staffs were also not happy takes it to the inequity among the employees.Back biting among employees was commonly seen now and good working atmosphere was harshly strained. Lack of team spirits among the employees now they were against for each one other when erroneous beliefs were made by any employee. Unclear power hierarchy Unclear power hierarchy Another major issue encountered at the Regency sybaritic Hotel which affected the organizational culture was the problem of unclear power hierarchies which lead to staff not understanding their role clearly in the decision making process. Employees were given empowerment but this proved to be problematic as staff were unable to discern between what constituted a major or minor problem.Staf f found that in many cases when they did make a decision it was later overturned by supervisory programs. One sort of the process of empowerment is impact. authorise employees view themselves as active participants in the organization that is, their decisions and actions meet an influence on the companys success (Ms Shame, 2008, p. 185). Becker introduced empowerment but this part of the process was distorted as the employees felt that their decisions were not valued and often overturned. Additionally, Becker stated he would not tolerate the identical mistake twice.Staff now found it easier to revert back to their nonagenarian ways of passing all problems over to their supervisors. This was directly counteractive to the plan of allocating more decision-making situation to front line employees (Machines, 2008, p. 192). This further reduced the effect of empowerment. Job Design and Role Ambiguity Job Design and Role Ambiguity Employees were uncertain of the types of issues that were to be considered Minor and Major. Without clarification, they continued to refer problems to management.Jobs that have doubtful demands, Jobs that have too many demands, and Jobs that do not allow the employee to participate in work related echelons are Kelly to anneal attempts at stressful performance, kick upstairs frustrating higher(prenominal) order needs (Behr, Walsh Table, 1976, 42). This frustration results in reduced effort and motivation. They go further to state that Effort toward quality is related to role ambiguity in that concern with the quality of ones work is not maintained if it is unclear what constitutes task success(Behr et al, 1974, 46).Supervisors were unsure and reversed employee decisions to refer them on to higher evils of management. Role Conflict The front-line staff were expected to experiment and be creative in dealing with situations at work, but were only allowed to make a mistake once. This resulted in reduced learning capacity as employees be gan behaving defensively in order to avoid reprimands for errors. Reduced Job Satisfaction Increase in customer complaints, increase in absenteeism and employee turnover. Intra-organizational relationships suffered as trust was lost and fear reigned.Poor reviews due to declining levels of customer service. Role Ambiguity Role ambiguity Role ambiguity was another(prenominal) issue for the Hotel. Role ambiguity can be defined as a lack of information needed to perform the role (Pearce, 1981 Cooper et al. , 2001). This issue can lead to many problems. Employees who experience role ambiguity tend to perform at lower levels than employees who have a clear understanding of Job requirements and what is expected of them. Likewise, role ambiguity is reflected in employees uncertainty concerning appropriate actions in commonly occurring Job situations.It explicitly results when employees are not clear concerning the amount of authority they have and when they do not know others Job reference expectations Job design According to the Job characteristics model, employees are more motivated and satisfied when Jobs have higher levels of characteristics. People have different skills, it is cardinal to put the right person into the right position. A few employees of the hotel were transferred to other positions when the acquisition was done.They might not have the abilities to complete the full range of the new work. Recommendations Recommendations for introduction into the Regency Grand Hotel In addition to the exercise, relaxation techniques and learning and development solutions, it is commended that Employee Assistance Programs be introduced to the Hotel, this design offers employees a service whereby challenging situations can be discussed with counselors and psychologists who can provide tools that will embed coping mechanisms (Traveler and Protocol, 2005).Recommended stress reducing strategies Physical activities Relaxation techniques learning and development solutio ns Employee assistance program O The remedy for the situations that have evolved within the hotel is to clearly define each persons role and make them aware of the importance their part plays in the overall operation of the hotel. Ensure employees are aware AT tenet irresponsibleness Ayatollah to Attlee want Is a major Ana melon problem and make it clear to members of staff who has the power to make decisions at each level, would also be of great assistance.For example if a problem arises at the front counter with a customer which would incur a minimal cost to the organization this could be handled by reception staff with little impact on the supervisor and within a much faster time frame causing less inconvenience to already disgruntled customers. This could be achieved by removal of the same mistake twice rule that Becker introduced. In this way employees would truly feel empowered to make decisions that would have an impact on the organization thereby feeling that they were an im portant part in the hierarchy that exists in the hotel.Address Managerial / Supervisory level employees concerns at losing power. Reward them for encouragement and development of front-line team results. Conclusion The majority of problems experient during the acquisition of the Regency Hotel may have been avoided or at least reduced dramatically through effective communication strategies, incorporating a comprehensive feedback loop to visualise understanding of changes and new requirements on an organizational level as well as individual level for all employees.Cultural, personal and organizational aspects should be taken into account and changes to Job design and Job roles should be made clear to ensure successful adoption of the new system. At this stage, the Regency hotel is in a state of flux, with reduction in staff retention, profit and reputation. Effective change management strategies as outlined in this presentation should now be introduced to assist the employees to t rope a new Organizational Culture and incorporate the Empowerment strategy.

Do Political Parties Help or Hurt America Essay

Political parties have been in the States since the very inception of the country. Political parties were originally designed to give voice to a group of great deals interests. But as the time has passed, the ideas being presented has been growing less about the masses and more about the power and the longevity of the party and the people controlling it. The people are not voting for the candidate that they think leave behind represent them the best but for the D or the R that appears on the side of the name. Should this be the main thing we look to when deciding the leaders of our government?The issue that people take with the concept and general structure of the innovative day political parties is the reality of its inability to effectively govern with its supporters. The state essential not be usurped by side interests or used as a means of dictating unpopular or even popular laws. In todays parliamentary and representative republics, it is the power behind the party, not inescapably the party itself that decides policy. The question is, in todays capitalistic world, will it be the people or the economic and financial advisers that hold the Party keys?Undoubtedly, it must(prenominal) be the people. However, here we encounter the question of how large a role any particular political party must take within the ideally reconstructed and redefined state. Lets not forget the state is but a temporary structure devised and built by Man. It is little more than the regulative body that encompasses the concept of the political party. As such, it stands to be re weeed or, in certain cases, overhauled by the parties that reside within it. What the people behind the Party must do, is make sure that their needs and necessary wants be taken up by the Party itself.This is but one aspect of the political party my relate lies in the eventual and it would happen eventually fostering of a broader party cult of personality. Examples of this can be seen from the U. S. to Asia, from Europe to S. America and Africa. When the people sustain to support the idealized face of party politics more so than the spirit of the individual, they resign themselves to the dictatorship of the governmental coalition. Instances of these can be seen in Americas dual-party political system, as well as in certain European states.In essence, the Party becomes little more than a modified form of political and social dictatorship. I would argue that while political parties have their place within society, their role and importance should be greatly isolated and/or minimalized. They should be nothing more than mouthpieces for the people who make up their constituency as a legislative and governing body, their role must be subjected to the democratic will of the people they represent. I would propose a Democracy from the bottom up instead of the more recognized Democracy from the top down. Because living in a government with no freedom, is a fate worse than death

Trompenaars vs. Hofstede

Trompenaars vs. Hofstede 1. 2. Introduction .. 2 Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede and Trompenaars 3 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Analogies or identities of the cultural dimensions 5 Differences of the dimensions . 7 Advantages and Risks seeing the world and cultures with dimensions .. Effects on practice operation 8 Personal meaning and consequences of the dimensions 9 2. 1. 2. 2. Hofstedes Dimensions.. 3 Trompenaars Dimensions 4 1. Introduction now a lot of companies operate in a multitude of distinct countries.However, if we do a double take, it is evident that multinational enterprises and their strategies differ from coun learn to country. If not, it major power be the case that those companies go out fail. For example Wal-Mart opted for entering the Japanese market. Unfortunately, they tried implement the Ameri prat strategy in Japan. Americans were keen on bargain buys in huge amounts 24 hours a day. Whereas the discount strategy in the USA has been rattling successful, it had advers e make in Japan. Japanese raft equated upset prices to low quality and thus didnt want to buy at Wal-Mart.More over, Japanese werent used to the fact that a store was open 24 hours per day. such misunder rests cause huge trouble. For some situations we cannot prep ar. However, it would look at been important for WalMart to analyze the Japanese culture in depth before starting bloodline there. If we look at everyday life it is safe to say that all community have the problem how to cope with bulks sex actship to time, nature and former(a) charitable beings. The solutions how to get a grip on these problems differ from culture to culture. Consequently, it is important to be aw atomic number 18 of the cultural differences of each country.Trompenaars and Hofstede give some propositions how to classify cultures. 2 2. Cultural Dimensions of Hofstede and Trompenaars 2. 1. Hofstedes Dimensions Geert Hofstede filtered discover 5 dimensions which indicate how great deal be influe nced by their culture e modifiedly in the workplace. The source dimension refers to identity. The dimension Collectivism vs. individualization reflects the relationship between an individual and the classify. In more individualistic societies the ferocity is put on freedom, personal achievement and individual identity. Consequently, ties in a assemblage (e. g. he family, workgroup) are loose. populate manifest a higher incentive for self-initiative and try to take care of themselves. In contrast, socialistic cultures place great prise on the common interest of a group, harmony between members and taking care of each other. There is a clear distinction between inand noncitizens. If an outsider takes face of adept group member the consummate group feels offended and avoids contact with the trouble buzz offr. Secondly, Power Distance deals with hierarchy and the degree of inequality between members of a society which is adopted as a natural state of affairs.In high power dis tance countries inequality in physical and intellectual capabilities is alloted to be normal. Subordinates are in for displaying obedience to the boss. There is a pronounced sense of hierarchy and people enjoying a high status reveal their power. Whereas societies that rank low on power distance play d protest hierarchy and stress equality. There is no focus on titles and positions and leaders do not exhibit their skills provablely. masculinity vs. Femininity is about relationship between gender and work roles. In male-dominated cultures sex roles are sharply differentiated.There is a clear role distribution which suggests itself in the fact that men are superior to women and men normally occupy management positions. Hence, the focus is on achievement, competition and fighting. However, in female point cultures genders are less distinguished and both genders play the same role. These cultures stress care, compromise and harmony. The fourth dimension called Uncertainty Avoidance aims at the way people try to get a grip on unpredictable and ambiguous situations. People living in a culture with strong uncertainty escape have fear of the un tell apartn. thus elaborate rules, regulations, and clear orders exist. Cultures with a low uncertainty avoidance tolerate differences, unanticipated situations and are more open toward change. People disembowel decisions which are subject to individual discretion and which are based on more universal rules. Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation relate to the alternative between future and present virtue. In other rowing, Hofstedes last dimension can be seen as an indicator for a societys attitude toward time and tradition. Values associated with Long-Term Orientation are thrift, filial piety and perseverance.Young people should sacrifice their pleasures of their life at their young age for the pastime of the benefit of their future. Values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fu lfilling social obligations, and harboring ones face. Consequently, this orientation is more oriented toward the past and the present. 3 2. 2. Trompenaars Dimensions Trompenaars explored how people relate in hole-and-corner(a), ancestry life and moral conflicts. later he extracted seven dimensions. The first dimension Universalism vs. Particularism can be prescribed with key words as rules vs. elationships. In universalistic cultures people are supposed to strictly adhere to standards and rules. Consequently, infringing the right (regardless of the reason) is akin to undermining morals and should be punished. There are no exceptions. In particularistic societies obligations to the closer surrounding enjoy highest priority. Protecting your members (e. g. family, friends) is more important than observing law. In case of Collectivism vs. Individualism the question arises if people attribute more importance to oneself or to the group.In individualistic cultures there is a clear dis tinction of individuals within a group. It is common that personal achievement is rewarded and people are motivated to improve their individual performance in order to be promoted. Representatives of a group or a company are allowed to draw off binding decisions on their own. In collectivistic cultures people identify themselves with the group. High achievement of one person is put down to the good performance of the entire group and thus success is shared within the group. Only the solid team or at to the lowest degree a certain number of members make decisions and take responsibility.The dimension Neutral vs. Affective deals with the range of expressed feelings. Neutral societies avoid to demonstrate feelings and strong gestures and hence try to display controlled behavior. If mortal reveals fussiness or aggression this behavior is tantamount to unprofessionalism. Discussions are lead on a factual level. However, in affective cultures expression of feelings either verbally or nonverbally is normal. People expect trail emotional answers and appreciate vital and animated expressions. In the fourth place, Diffuse vs.Specific relates to the strategies and approaches for getting to know each other. People living in a special(prenominal)/low context culture pursue a purpose in relating with another person, thus prefer direct and to the point communication. People clearly distinguish between private and art life e. g. titles are used in the origin world not in private life. As the private sphere is relatively small only few people take part in ones private life. In shell out/high context cultures every life space permeates all others which means that everything is connected to everything.Even employers can take an active part of the histrions private life. Achievement vs. Ascription refers to the accord of status. Achieved status is equivalent to success because of taking action. Managers are of different age and gender as they have reached the position due to performance, knowledge and skills. Ascribed status represents the opposite side. High status does not have to be cleanified. It is rather independent of task or specific function. Often external factors standardised age, gender, connections, education and family rachisground decide on the status.The sixth dimension Sequential vs. Synchronic deals with time management. In synchronic cultures the emphasis is on the number of activities taking place in parallel. People place great value on the targets and not on the way and sequence an heading will be reached. Consequently, deadlines are untypical as the schedule is open for unplanned incidents. In general, relationship is more important than tight schedules. In consecutive societies events which are often slated in a plan pass step by step. Tight order, punctuality and deadlines are of paramount importance.As a result, people are unable to act in turbulent surrounds and dislike unanticipated situations. Relationships serv e as instruments and thus are insufficient to schedules. 4 Last but not least the dimension inside Control vs. External Control is about humans relation to nature. This can be transcended to humans relation to an organization, government and the market. In internal controlled cultures people have the conviction to be able to control their environment even if they have to use aggressiveness. Nature is equivalent to a complex machine which can be controlled if mortal could develop an expertise.Therefore success and failure should be put down to the individual endeavors rather than to environment and general-set up. However, in external controlled societies environment is taken more into account because people consider themselves to be a part of nature. As external forces can potently influence ones life people try to be in harmony with their environment. They adapt to their surroundings, e. g. to customers, to their colleagues or they react flexibly to market forces. Afterwards th ey try to react in an appropriate way. 3.Analogies or identities of the cultural dimensions Trompenaars and Hofstede filtered out the same dimension Individualism vs. Collectivism. These ideologies are the platform for political and economic systems. mainland China is a textbook example for a collectivistic country whereas the United States represent an individualistic country. In China we occupies center stage and members of a group experience improvement of their life by taking care of each other and by maintaining harmony. Consequently, pay-for-performance of a atomic number 53 person is rejected in collectivistic cultures.Bonus payment to one person does not reflect the fact that the whole group contributes to success of each single group member. Reward of a single person would only destroy harmony within the group and would demotivate essential teamwork. However, in the US people rather concentrate on their own life. all(prenominal) person takes the responsibility to improve ones situation by working hard on ones own. Bonus payment stimulates the tendency to perform better and to stand out against workmates. Trompenaars dimension Universalism vs. Particularism goes hand in hand with Individualism vs. Collectivism.Americans being universalists and individualists emphasize equal treatment of everyone according to the law. E. g. If the better friend killed someone the universalist giving testimony would tell the truth in order to adhere to the law. The relationship to the friend would be neglected just to restore order as killing someone is immoral. As opposed to this, in China relationship is superior to law. The Chinese friend would lie to protect the friend who is in real trouble. The dimension Specific vs. Diffuse reveals some analogies with regard to the dimension Individualism vs. Collectivism.In specific countries or low context countries, e. g. America, business is done even if both parties havent established a relationship. Long communication is not necessary as the contract contains every gnomish detail. This demonstrates that the emphasis is put on the task and on the achievement of the individual representing the company rather than on the relationship. Whereas in China companies would only strike a deal if a relationship was established successfully. In diffuse/high context cultures privacy sphere is only marginal and confidence decides on business operation.In other words, relationship and group orientedness is superior to task. 5 Individualism vs. Collectivism also correlates with Short-Term-orientation/Long-Termorientation. In East-Asian countries, e. g. China, Hong Kong, Taiwan the relationship between workers and management in a company is vital. This fact can be put down to Confucianism and the concept of reciprocal obligation. Bosses protect their workers and offer them a life-time employment. In return, their subordinates are sure and courteous. Everyone (the whole group) is responsible to contribute to the long-lasting success in the company.In Western countries, e. g. the United States people are not keen on life-time employment. They want to change their job if they have an opportunity for a better career. Managers siphon off high bonus (short term) payments if the companys profits and numbers in the last business year are excellent. As a result, managers are not interested in sustainability but in short-term profit. Individualism vs. Collectivism influences Trompenaars dimension Internal Control/External Control. The political system collectivism goes hand in hand with the economic system command saving.Even if China is a mixed economy government controls life of its citizens and of each individual e. g. via censorship. Consequently, Chinese people are externalistic as government (metaphor for environment) actively shapes their lives and people havent had control over government. Contrary to this, Germans living in individualism and market economy are internalistic. Companies can function as lobbyists and can actively influence governmental activities. some other deuce dimensions which have similarities are Hofstedes Power Distance and Trompenaars Achievement vs. Ascription.The Indian Caste system reflects High Power Distance. If someone was born into the concluding group (Shudra) of the caste system (let alone the Untouchables) this person will always belong to this caste. Shudras have to accept the fact that they will always be inferior to people belonging to the upper castes. The caste determines the quality of life including the profession. A Brahmin, belonging to the highest caste, will always be respected and occupies the most powerful standing in society. This fact equates with Ascription as the Indian cadre originates from a renowned family background and has normally reached a decent age.Subordinates are loyal and respectful as they can only survive with the help of the upper castes and thus are highly dependent on them. Hence, superiors dictate t he conditions and take responsibility for everything. The hierarchy within the caste system is reflected in a steep hierarchy in companies and institutions. Germany being a Low Power Distance country can be considered as the opposite. Family background could help to find a job but doesnt decide on the career track of a person. If someone distinguishes oneself from the mass because of excellent performance and great talent this person will probably climb up the career ladder.This example can be clearly associated with Trompenaars dimension achievement. It is also very important to remark that both staff and bosses should be treated almost equally as the roles and positions can be changed very fast due to achievement. Even if some analogies match with my example this doesnt mean that the two dimensions compared have similarities in all areas and situations. I extracted some points of intersection. 6 4. Differences of the dimensions The other dimensions not mentioned in the prior passa ge may sometimes have minor similarities which are notwithstanding outweighed by the differences of their meanings.I deliberately turned my back on the analogies between the dimensions of the same author. Geert Hofstede concentrated on the subject how cultural differences influence organization, management and relationship between people whereas Trompenaars shed some visible light on peoples relationship to time, nature and other human beings. Trompenaars neglected the topic gender which deals with a substantial question how the roles in the family are defined. This also manifests itself in the management structure of a company. In female oriented cultures, e. g. n Scandinavian countries men go on parental discontinue and women equally occupy leading positions. Whereas in a male- oriented culture like Germany a dog-eats-dog society has been generated, in Norway a woman striving for her own benefit and thus threatening cooperation and harmony will be looked down upon. Trompenaars d id not deal with search for Truth. Hofstedes Uncertainty Avoidance indicates how people try to grapple with unstructured situations. United States e. g. ranking low on Uncertainty Avoidance are not risk averse. The current financial crisis was triggered by violent behavior.American banks granted credits to people who couldnt afford them. Germany ranking high on the uncertainty avoidance is often criticized for its bureaucracy. Elaborate rules and regulations should avoid uncertainty, can stock-still cause a lot of paper work. One can also find some topics Hofstede did not have a focus on. Firstly, Hofstede did not consider the range of feelings expressed (neutral vs. emotional) which of course determine communication and behavior of people. Secondly, Hofstede did not describe the dimension dealing with range of involvement (diffuse vs. specific).Last but not least Hofstede did not mention explicitly time management (sequential vs. synchronic). 5. Advantages and Risks seeing the wo rld and cultures with dimensions It is safe to say that dimensions can help people (that have never been to a certain country) to become more sensitive for intercultural understanding. Not until people are aware of idiosyncrasies of their own culture they can easier get to know other cultures. If someone (e. g. an expatriate) is undetermined in which country to go dimensions can help to get a first impression and contain the number of possible destinations depending on the criteria.After having chosen a country the expatriate should acquire theoretical knowledge about important symbols, rituals and common manners. Being oversea he/she can try to concord dimensions practically especially during the first days in the new surrounding as the person does not know how to behave properly. Most notably at the first meeting people need a first point of orientation to avoid big no gos. 7 However, getting to know other cultures means learning by doing and trial by error. According to the ice berg model visible and expected occurrences account for only 10%. Consequently, 90% of our experiences with other cultures happen unsuspectedly.Thats why we should not overestimate and read too much into dimensions. A risk which arises when applying dimensions is to misunderstand and misuse them. The peculiarity of a dimension is highly dependent on the situation and on the counterparts personality. Dimensions do not reflect individual cultural preferences but nonplus an average and general behavior of the population living in a culture. An adverse effect is also that stereotypes are created and reinforced. Another problem point is that Hofstede carried out his studies (which serve as basis for the dimensions) at the end of the 60s.These studies are only a snapshot and did not take into consideration that culture evolves over time. particularly changes in economic or political environment, e. g. the demise of Communism in Eastern Europe or globalization, heavily affect transformat ion of cultures. Apart from that, both authors assumed that there is a one-to-one correspondence between culture and nation state which is sometimes not the case. In some countries, e. g. Canada, more than one culture can be found. There are even major differences of behavior between regions of a country. 6.Effects on practice operation Before sledding abroad expatriates should grasp how much preparation is required to cope with the difference between the own and the foreign culture. Even if an expatriate cannot prepare for the unexpected situations abroad preparation should lead to willingness of flexibility and adaption while interacting with foreigners. However, an expatriate should know the future task in the foreign country which indicates the role and needed appearance of the expatriate. This depends on the target and the way of the company how to expand internationally.If a company opts for setting-up a new subsidiary abroad, the so called greenfield start, optimally a group of expatriates is sent to a foreign country. The task of the expatriates is to find out whether the strategy and the culture of the company can be reconciled with the foreign culture. They experience intensively foreign norms and value and try to recruit suitable locals in order to build up the new plant together. The difficulty is to decide if it is worthwile to establish a company in this country. It is evident that this decision should not be made on the basis of the dimensions.Secondly, the foreign members should be conscious of the fact that national values and norms have to be brought in line with the native corporate culture. This will only happen if the expatriates and the foreign workers could successfully build confidence so that the foreigners feel also loyal to a foreign company. My initial example with Wal-Mart showed that the company failed to apply a right strategy. If a company plans an acquisition with a foreign country expatriates should first analyze the business culture of the own and the future company. Moreover, expatriates should consider also the foreign cultureThere is a high potential of conflicts as normally the managers of the foreign company are made redundant and are superseded by expatriates. The question is if those expatriates will be accepted by the national workers and if they are heart-to-heart of doing successfully business in the foreign surrounding. 8 Irrespective of the distinct possibilities to enter a foreign market intercultural sensitivity (both of the own and the foreign country) is the be-all and end-all. Therefore it is of paramount importance to go abroad as prepared and unprejudiced as possible.If expatriates succeed internalizing these facts they can close the distance gap between two companies operating in distinct countries. 7. Personal meaning and consequences of the dimensions My next job abroad will be as an intern not as an expatriate. Thats why I will refer to my internship in China. Generally speaking it would be easier for me to do my internship in countries where I can speak the language (German, English, French, Polish, Spanish). It is obvious that mainly Western countries are involved (e. g. America, European countries). All of them embrace democracy and in large part stress individualism. The frame would be alike and I could concentrate on concept of time, privacy, and way of life. However, in countries were political and economic systems are at odds with democracy almost everything is different like in China. Dimensions confirm this statement. I deliberately chose a country which is unfamiliar to me as this poses a considerable challenge. The problem point is that I am permanently influenced by Western media. This leads to the fact that my subconsciousness would like to dictate that the opposite culture is different and thus wrong.I personally do not think that the other culture is wrong. I am more afraid of putting my foot in it in momentous situations. Firstly, I am used to communion my experiences with others and of being in a group, but in a smaller one. The size of the group (especially the quantity of people on the street) will be a change. Secondly, I am used to voicing my opinion freely and saying yes or no even in team work. This will not be possible anymore as I should not take someones face and indirectly the face of the group. I should get used to sledding around in circles particularly during discussions.Apart from that it is normal for me to solve problems when they arise. However, I have to adapt the fact that I should circumvent it. Ignoring these factors could lead to tensions which would have detrimental effects on the relationship between the staff and me. I am dependent on their explanation Even if I think that in a special case the German way of doing it would be more appropriate and efficient these thoughts should not prevail My individual target and opinion should not be on top anymore In general, I am a optimistic person and I like it to smile.In China people smile even if they are angry. It will be a challenge for me to estimate the feelings correctly and to deal with it. Also the perception of time and structure pose risks to me as I will certainly be confused if deadlines are not met and order is neglected. These are only few situations and points which could cause trouble and uncertainty. My examples reflect some of the dimensions, e. g. individualism vs. collectivism, diffuse vs. specific, uncertainty avoidance, Despite everything I look forward to my experience abroad and consider this seminar paper as a minor part of my preparation. 9